February 9, 1961: Kennedy Calls for School Integration, Supports NATO, Awaits Data on 'Missile Gap' and Confers on Laos; Brit Wants Red China in UN

"President Kennedy said today that both the Constitution and public opinion demanded the admission of children to public schools 'regardless of their race,'" the New York Times reports on this day in 1961.

"President Kennedy pledged the United States today to unstinting and expanding support of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization," the New York Times reports.

"The Administration has come to no conclusion on the 'missile gap,' President Kennedy said today," the New York Times reports.

"Britain's Foreign Secretary declared today that the facts of international life required Communist China's entry into the United Nations," the Times reports.

"Possible steps to meet the crisis in Laos were studied today at a two-hour conference of President Kennedy and his top advisers," the Times reports.

February 8, 1961: White House Backs Missile Gap, Soviet Spy in London, $1 Minimum Wage May Get Boost

"The White House branded as inaccurate today reports that the Kennedy Administration had tentatively concluded that there was no 'missile gap' favoring the Soviet Union," the New York Times reports on this day in 1961.

"Britain's Attorney General charged today that the Soviet spy system had sent secrets of anti-submarine devices from a bungalow in a suburb of London to Moscow," the New York Times reports.

"President Kennedy called on Congress today for prompt action to increase the national minimum wage from $1 to $1.25 an hour and to extend the protection to 4,300,000 workers," the Times reports.

February 7, 1961: No Missile Gap, US To Help Latin American Nations, Safe Cigarettes Proposed

"Studies made by the Kennedy Administration since Inauguration Day show tentatively that no 'missile gap' exists in favor of the Soviet Union," the New York Times reports on this day in 1961.

"The conclusion appeared to back the views of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who told Congress last month that the missile gap 'shows every sign' of being a fiction."

"Secretary of State Dean Rusk said today that the United States was ready to cooperate with other American states in ending tyranny in the hemisphere, whether that tyranny is of the Left or Right," the Times reports.

"A new theory on how cigarette smoking may be associated with lung cancer has been proposed by a General Electric Research Laboratory physicist. According to an article in the Jan. 21 issue of Nature, a British scientific journal, the glowing tip of a cigarette generates a cloud of electrically charged particles. The particles, when inhaled, may be the materials that change normal tissues to cancerous tissues. If this is true, it was suggested by Dr. Kenneth H. Kingdon, the author, the effect could be 'completely suppressed' by smoking cigarettes that were enclosed in a metallic screen," the New York Times reports.

February 6, 1961: Rioting in Angola, Cuba Controls Water for US Base, No 'Super-Cabinet' for White House

"Rioting broke out today in Luanda, capital of Angola, and four persons were killed and seven wounded, the Portuguese press agency Lusitania reported," the New York Times reports on this day in 1961.

"The Cuban Government seized yesterday the aqueduct that supplies water to the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay. So far the water supply is said to be normal," the Times reports.

"The President needs more help formulating security policy, a Senate sub-ccommittee said today. But he will not get it by creating 'super-Cabinet' positions in the White House, the Senators said," the Times reports.

February 5, 1961: Soviets Put 'Huge Earth Satellite' Into Orbit, Warn US

February 5, 1961: Soviets Put 'Huge Earth Satellite' Into Orbit, Warn US

"The Soviet Union has accepted the United States request for a six-week postponement
"The Soviet Union announced today it had put into orbit a huge earth satellite weighing more than seven tons. An 'improved, multi-stage rocket' hurled the satellite into space, the announcement said. There was no indication that anything living was aboard the satellite, the heaviest object man has ever put into orbit," the Times reports.

"The Soviet Union warned President Kennedy today that he had taken the first steps toward an expansion of the arms race," the Times reports.

"In an abrupt departure from the circumspect attitude heretofore maintained publicly toward the Kennedy Administration, Moscow complained that the United States President had evoked 'irksome echoes of the cold war' in his State of the Union Message."

"American auto manufacturers are getting ready to offer the public new economy cars for 1962 with more zip, greater comfort and higher styling than the current crop of compacts," the Times reports.

February 4, 1961: Kennedy Confers on Laos, Wants 'Federalized' Laos; Ted Kennedy Launches Career

"President Kennedy received a first-hand report today on the situation in Laos from Ambassador Winthrop G. Brown," the New York Times reports on this day in 1961.

"The Ambassador was called to Washington from his post in Vientiane to participate in a comprehensive high-level review of major problems facing the United States in Asia," the paper reports.

"The Kennedy Administration is convinced that a new 'federalized' government in the Congo, embracing the leaders of all the factions, offers the only hope of preventing that nation from sliding from chaos into civil war," the Times reports.

"The youngest of the Kennedy brothers, Edward M. (Ted) Kennedy, is expected to launch his own political career Monday as an assistant district attorney here [Boston]," the Times reports. "But everyone concerned, including the 28-year-old Ted, as he is best known, is keeping official silence."

February 3, 1961: Pentagon Prepares to Meet Limited-War Scenarios

"The Pentagon has placed orders for fifty-three military cargo and troop transport planes for a speedy build-up of the long-range airlift. The purpose is to give the United States forces mobility to meet limited-war situations anywhere in the world," the New York Times reports on this day in 1961.

February 2, 1961: Kennedy Agrees to 1964 Debate, Hammarskjold Wants New Powers, Minuteman 'Spectacular Success'

"President Kennedy declared today his willingness to engage in a televised debate with a contender for his office in 1964," the New York Times reported on this day in 1961.

"President Kennedy said today that the United States' position in critical world trouble spots 'is less satisfactory than it was last fall," the Times reported today.

United Nations "Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold asked the Security Council today to widen his powers in the Congo so that he might stop factional fighting among politically motivated groups of the Congolese Army," the Times reports.

"CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla., Feb. 1 -- The three-stage Minuteman, intended to become the Air Force's No. 1 weapon, was fired for the first time here today and scored a spectacular success. The test shot of the intercontinental ballistic missile was probably the most ambitious in the nation's missile program."

"A gap in the nation's satellite-detection fence will be plugged this year by the construction of one of the world's largest radio transmitters," the Times reports.

February 1, 1961: Chimp and Spy Satellite in Space

"CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla., Jan. 31 -- A male chimpanzee nicknamed "Ham" was rocketed 420 miles over the Caribbean today in a test of the Mercury capsule that is scheduled to carry a human astronaut into orbit," the New York Times reported on this day in 1961. "The thirty-seven pound ape was in good condition when a helicopter pulled the capsule from the water almost three hours after the launching."

"POINT ARGUELLO, Calif., Jan 31 -- The United States fired a Samos reconnaissance satellite into polar orbit today. The vehicle, an experimental version called Samos II, is designed to perform photographic missions once done by U-2 aircraft," the New York Times reported today. "Samos II is not a full-fledged substitute for the U-2, but within two years the United States plans to have a network of such satellites photographing parts of the globe."

January 31, 1961: Kennedy Wants More for Defense, Computers 'Come of Age'

"President Kennedy challenged Congress and the nation today to face up to grave perils abroad and a worsening economic recession at home. In his first State of the Union Message, given before a joint session of Congress, he called for executive and legislative actions to strengthen the national defenses to avert big and little wars and to spur the lagging economy," the New York Times reported on this day in 1961.

"President Kennedy's State of the Union Message today pictured the problems of the United States and the world as much more ominous and urgent than did former President Dwight D. Eisenhower's message to Congress eighteen days ago," the Times reports in another story.

"Mr. Eisenhower said grave problems lay ahead and there was no room for complacency. But the tenor of his message was that he was leaving the country in sound shape. He said: 'We have carried America to unprecedented heights.'

"But Mr. Kennedy said the American economy was in trouble and needed bolstering immediately. As for the Communist threat, he said, there will be worse news before there is better news, the tide is running now against this country and the free world, 'but turn it we must.' He said he spoke in an 'hour of national peril and national opportunity.'"

In another story, the Times reports, "Digital computers, the so-called electronic brains, have 'come of age' in masterminding industrial production processes, according to a report given yesterday at the winter meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Last year saw a rapid expansion of the use of digital computers in industrial process control, Gerhard L. Hollander said in giving a report on '1960 Computer Progress' compiled by a unit of the institute."

January 30, 1961: Congo Policy Examined, JFK Urged to Cut Funds for Schools That Discriminate

"President Kennedy has ordered the State Department to re-examine United States policies in the Congo and to recommend changes," the New York Times reports on this day in 1961

"A week-long pursuit of the rebel-held Portuguese liner Santa Maria will come to a conclusion later today when a United States admiral boards her near this port to negotiate the removal of the more than 560 passengers," the Times reports.

"Ruanda, northern half of the territory of Ruanda-Urundi, which Belgium operates as a United Nations Trusteeship, has declared itself an independent republic," the Times reports.

"The Southern Regional Council has urged President Kennedy to adopt a sweeping program of executive action in the civil-rights field," the Times reports.

"Representative Adam Clayton Powell Jr. demanded last night that his long-pending proposal to bar Federal funds to schools discriminating against Negroes be adopted now either through legislation or 'Executive order of the White House,'" the Times reports.

January 29, 1961: Communes in China, Peace Corps Tested, Oval Office Fix-up and Sit-ins Spread

"Communist China has substantially modified its system of 'peoples' communes' and slowed down its 'great leap forward' in industry in the wake of severe agricultural reverses last year," the New York Times reports on this day in 1961.

"The Government announced today it planned to send 150 young teachers to Africa this year. The plan is regarded as an experiment to test the practicality of the Administration's proposed 'peace corps' program. This program would send young Americans, primarily teachers and technicians, into under-developed countries to help them attack their most pressing economic, educational and health problems," the New York Times reports.

"White House maintenance crews moved into President Kennedy's Executive Office today for a quick weekend painting and renovation job. When it is reassembled next week, the oval=shaped office will resemble more of a New England sitting room, a warmer and more hospitable atmosphere than the austere formality of the office as it was furnished previously," the New York Times reports.

"The Negro lunch-counter demonstrations that began a year ago next Wednesday have grown into a national protest movement against many forms of discrimination. The sit-ins continue today in cities like Atlanta, where merchants have refused to desegregate eating facilities. But the lowering of racial barriers at lunch counters in more than 125 Southern communities has led the students and their adult supporters to turn to other fields of protest," the Times reports.

January 28, 1961: Navy to Free Ship Captives, Kennedy Tones Down Military's Rhetoric

"The United States Navy has apparently persuaded the captors of the Portuguese liner Santa Maria to release the 560 passengers on this side of the Atlantic, probably at a South American port," the New York Times reported today.

"The Kennedy Administration indicated today that it was not irrevocably opposed to summit meetings," the Times reported today.

"Two United States Air Force officers, held prisoner without trial by the Soviet Union for nearly seven months, came home today and were greeted by President Kennedy."

"The Kennedy Administration has ordered stiff controls on 'tough' policy speeches or other 'inadvisable' statements by generals and admirals. The first to be affected is Admiral Arleigh A. Burke, Chief of Naval Operations," the New York Times reported today.

January 27, 1961: Downed Airmen to be Welcomed, Hammarskjold Warning on Congo

"President Kennedy will welcome the two American airmen just released from a Soviet prison when they return to the United States tomorrow," the New York Times reported today.

"[U.N.] Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold told the Security Council today that it might be necessary to remove the United Nations force from the Congo because of the withdrawal of some Asian and African military contingents," the Times reported today.

January 26, 1961: Moscow Releases US Fliers, Captured Ship Found

"President Kennedy announced tonight that the Soviet Union had released two United States airmen shot down in an RB-47 reconnaissance plane over the Barents Sea and held prisoner since July 1," the New York Times reported today.

"The captured Portuguese passenger liner Santa Maria was found far out in the Atlantic yesterday by a United States Navy patrol plane. Her captors told the Navy pilot by radio that she was bound for the Portuguese West African colony of Angola," the Times reports.

January 25, 1961: Search for Portuguese Ship Continues, Woman is White House Doc

"An intense search by sea and air continued early today along the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies for the seized Portuguese liner Santa Maria. The United States and British vessels and planes engaged had been concentrating their search along the Windward Islands above and below St. Lucia, where the Santa Maria last was sighted at 10 A.M. Monday," the New York Times reported today.

"President Picks Woman Doctor, First to Serve the White House," according to a front page headline in today's New York Times.

January 24, 1961: Portuguese Ship Siezed

"A group of passengers seized control of a large Portuguese cruise ship in a gun and grenade battle in the Caribbean yesterday morning," The New York Times reported today. "Responding to pleas from the Protuguese Government, United States and British warships immediately began a search for the captured vessel. Led allegedly by a prominent political foe of Portugal's Premier Antonio de Oliverio Salazar, the band of conspirators among the ship's 600 passengers was said to have taken command of the ship in a battle in which one officer was killed and several wounded. There are 300 in the crew."

"A 5-4 majority of the Supreme Court upheld today the constitutionality of state and local movie censorship. The court held that cities and states may require a censor's permit before a film may be shown," the New York Times reported today.

January 23, 1961: Arms Supplies in Congo, Prominent Puerto Rican

From the Congo: "Six trucks with arms were reliably reported today to have arrived ar Aro, a town close to the Congo's frontier with the Sudan. The convoy is considered here to be the first hard evidence of surface supplies from outside for the forces supporting Patrice Lumumba, imprisoned former Premier," the New York Times reported today.

"KENNEDY MAY OFFER JOB TO PUERTO RICAN," says a headline in today's edition on the NY Times.

January 22, 1960: President Said to be 'Busy'

The sub-head on the lead story in today's New York Times is "PRESIDENT IS BUSY"

The lede is: "President Kennedy and his new Administration went to work today."

In other news, "The Chinese Communist party today declared the United States 'the main enemy of the peoples of the world.' At the same time it reaffirmed its belief that a world war could be avoided."

"Mrs. John F. Kennedy disclosed today her plans for redecorating the White House. She said she planned to have the walls of the Presidential apartment done in pastel tones. She also is selecting draperies -- probably gay English and French chintzes -- and rugs.

January 21, 1962: Kennedy Sworn In

The banner headline in today's New York Times:

KENNEDY SWORN IN, ASKS 'GLOBAL ALLIANCE' AGAINST TYRANNY, WANT, DISEASE AND WAR; REPUBLICANS AND DIPLOMATS HAIL ADDRESS

The lead story begins: "John Fitzgerald Kennedy assumed the Presidency today with a call for 'a grand and global alliance' to combat tyranny, poverty, disease and war.

"In his Inaugural Address, he served notice on the world that the United States was ready to 'pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."

In another front-page story it is reported from Havana that "Premier Fidel Castro said tonight that the Cuban Government would 'begin anew' in its relations with the United States

"The Premier stressed, however, that Cuba would hold the United States responsible for improving relations between the countries."

January 20, 1961: Castro 'Hate Campaign,' Kennedy Official Opposes Red China in UN

"Premier Fidel Castro's Government stepped up its hate campaign against 'United States imperialism' today," the New York Times reports.

"As the United States prepared to inaugurate a new President, the Castro regime announced the arrest of six more 'Yankee invaders' and promulgated a new series of anti-United States decrees."

"Chester Bowles, President-elect John F. Kennedy's choice for Under Secretary of State, opposed vigorously today formal recognition of Communist China or its entry into the United Nations," the Times reports.

"The Government authorized the American Telephone and Telegraph Company today to establish the first space communications link between the United States and Europe on an experimental basis," the Times reports.

"The action by the Federal Communications Commission clears the way for the company to launch a series of experimental communications satellites capable of relaying telephone calls, television programs and other messages across the Atlantic."

January 19, 1961: SAC Bombers Fly Around-The-Clock

"The Strategic Air Command began flying some of its heavy bombers on an around-the-clock basis today in the second stage of a plan to make possible as airborne alert. In such an alert, a certain number of nuclear-armed bombers wold be constantly in the air, ready to retaliate in the event of an attack," the New York Times reports. "Heretofore, the Strategic Air Command headquarters at Offut Air Base, near Omaaha, Beb., has been conducting 'feasibility studies' at various bases.... President Eisenhower referred to the plan in his Budget Message, in which he stressed the threat of a ballistic missile attack."

"Gov. S. Ernest Vandiver urged tonight a retreat from Georgia's policy of massive resistance to public school desegregation rulings of the Federal courts. The Governor asked the Legislature to adopt a package plan that would allow communities to decide whether to close their schools or obey the courts," the New York Times reports.

"Adlai E. Stevenson told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee today that the United States would have to face the possibility of Communist China's admission into the United Nations. He denied that he ehad ever advocated Peiping's entrance into the international body, but he said that it might be 'impossible to prevent," the New York Times reports.

January 17: US Restricts Travel To Cuba, Soviets Warn US is Broadening Conflict in Laos

"The United States announced today limitations on the travel of Americans to Cuba," the New York Times reported on this day in 1960. "The State Department said that United States citizens desiring to travel to Cuba must until further notice, obtain passports 'specifically endorsed by the Department of State for such travel.'"

"The Soviet Union told the United States today that it was risking a broadening of the conflict in Laos by bolstering the Government's forces with military aircraft. The warning was contained in a protest against the United States' transfer of four AT6 military training planes to the Vietiane Government," the Times reports.

"The Algerian nationalist Provisional Government announced today its readiness 'to begin negotiations with the French Government on conditions of a free consultation of the Algerian people.' 'Free consultation' was taken to mean a referendum to determine Algeria's political future," the Times reports.

"Two Negroes attended classes without incident today at the University of Georgia. Their re-entry marked the second day of desegregation in the state's public education system," the Times reports.

"The Eisenhower Administration has authorized the Navy to install Polaris ballistic missiles aboard the nuclear-powered cruiser Long Beach. This would be the first installation of the Navy's prize nuclear weapon aboard a surface warship," the Times reports. "Informants say the Long Beach will carry eight Polarises, compared with normal complements of sixteen on submarines, for which the weapon was originally designed.

January 18, 1961: Eisenhower Farewell Warning, US 'Uneasy' Over Congo, Laos Wants French Out

"President Eisenhower cautioned the nation in a farewell address from the White House tonight to be vigilant against dangers to its liberties implicit in a vast military establishment and a permanent armaments industry unparalleled in peacetime," the New York Times reports.

"The United States is becoming increasingly uneasy over the trend in the Congo and the performance of the United Nations there," the Times reports. "It seems certain that the Kennedy Administration which assumes its responsibilities Friday, will be told by its political and military advisers that it must act quickly to redress a bad situation."

"The Laotian Government of Premier Boun Oum has demanded that some French advisers be withdrawn from the country," the Times reports. ... "The Laotian-French dispute has complicated the already complex situation in Laos and has contributed to the inability of the Allied powers to arrive at a unified stand, diplomats acknowledge. ... withdrawal of the French would imperil the existence of the small United States Military Advisory Group in Laos. This group, it was said, is in Laos only uner agreement with the French, ostensibly to instruct the Laotian Army in the use of arms and equipment supplied by the United States."

January 16, 1961: Recognition of Red China Urged

A group of prominent scientists, business men, educators and technicians agreed here [Harriman, N.Y.] today that it was in the interests of world peace that Communist China be drawn closer into the international community of nations," the New York Times reported today.

"The group also agreed such a move should lead to diplomatic recognition of Communist China by the United States and other nations and the assumption of full participation and responsibilities by Communist China in the United Nations."

In companion story today the Times reports, "W. Averell Harriman, designated as ambassador-at-large by President-elect John F. Kennedy, questioned whether Communist China wanted to be recognized by the United States. The former Governor and Ambassador to the Soviet Union told a panel on a taped interview over radio station WOR that nevertheless, 'sooner or later the majority of the U.N. members are going to vote to admit Red China.' ... Mr. Harriman said that several times he had attempted to gain entry into Red China but had been turned down."

January 15, 1961: Catholic Church in Cuba Fights Communism

The Roman Catholic Church in Cuba has called upon all Christians in the country to form a united front in fighting communism," the New York Times reports today.

"President-elect John F. Kennedy is considering a lengthy postponement of the nuclear weapons test negotiations with the Soviet Union. They are due to be resumed in Geneva Feb. 7," the Times reports.

"President-elect John F. Kennedy was briefed today by Vice President-elect Lyndon B. Johnson on a missile believed to have been shot into the Pacific by the Soviet Union last night," the Times reports.

January 14, 1961: Negro Student Ordered Re-admitted in Georgia

"Federal District Judge William A. Bootle directed University of Georgia officials today to reinstate the institution's first Negro students," the New York Times reported today.

"Europeans and Congolese opposed to Patrice Lumumba, the deposed Premier [in the Congo] fled in near panic today following rumors that he had been freed from imprisonment," the Times reported.

"A mood of depression and insecurity is becoming increasingly evident among the European settlers in Algeria. Muslim and small businesses are showing the most pronounced signs of the uncertainty that has overtaken the European community since the dramatic days of President de Gaulle's visit to Algeria last month and the decisive support given him by continental France in a referendum on the future of the strife-torn territory," the Times reports.

"Exile sources [in Miami] said today that military resistance to Premier Fidel Castro inside Cuba was growing rapidly," the Times reports.

January 13, 1961: US Planes Used in Laos Fighting, TV Network Pulls Kennedy Comedy Sketch

"Planes transferred by the United States to Laos and flown by Laotians have strafed and fired rockets at rebel forces the last two days," the New York Times reports today. "The planes, four T-6s, were given under the United States military assistance program, ostensibly for observation. They have concentrated their attacks against the Left-Wing troops of Capt. Kong Le and pro-Communist Pathet Lao guerrillas in the Vicinity of Vang Vieng, sixty-five miles north of here [Vientiane]on the road to Luang Prabang."

"An eight-minute comedy sketch about President-elect John F. Kennedy and his wife, which as to be televised on 'The Art Carney Show,' has been deleted by order of the National Broadcasting Company," The New York Times reported on this day in 1960.

"Mr. Carney and Lee Remick had been scheduled to portray Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy. The setting for the sketch would have been the White House after the inauguration. ... In confirming that N.B.C. had deleted the sketch, a spokesman for the company said: 'We have never shied away from spoofing political figures but we thought it would have been improper to have performers actually portraying the President and his wife. Our decision was based on a matter of good taste.'"

January 12, 1961: A Hat Makes the Man

"You look more of a man with a hat on, and the men who run things have a deeply ingrained executive habit of reserving responsible jobs for those young men who look mature enough to handle them. They may be right, or they may be wrong, but there's no denying that they're in charge. So it pays to humor them. Most business executives we've talked to prefer to hire men who wear hats.

"A little friendly advice to young men in a hurry, published in the selfish interests of the hat industry by the Hat Corporation of America, 530 Fifth Avenue, New York 36, New York."

January 11, 1961: US Lags in Space, Soviets Don't Want War in Laos, Negroes Suspended For Their Safety

A task force today warned President-elect Kennedy that the United States was behind the Soviets missile development and outer-space exploration and said it was "very unlikely that we shall be the first in placing a man into orbit around the earth."

The Soviet Union has indicated to U.S. officials that it does not want to go to war with the U.S. over Laos.

Hundreds of students rioted this evening at the University of Georgia. university officials suspended the two Negro students who were targets of the demonstration for their safety until "it is safe and practical for them to return."

James Reston in his column today called President-elect Kennedy's plans to hold live television news conferences "the goofiest idea since the hula hoop."

January 10, 1961: Business Automates

"The country's retail stores are going in more and more for automatic handling of their work, from the receiving and selling of merchandise to the handling of billings and payments, along with salaries, payments to vendors and other disbursements," the New York Times reports on this day in 1960.

January 9, 1961: Computers Gain

"Electronics -- virtually untouched by the general business recession last year -- was fifth among the nation's industries. ... 'Most people -- even business men -- do not realize that the electronics industry is the nation's fifth-largest. It could become first in size in the next ten years,'" Commerce Secretary Frederick H. Mueller told a banging group, according to a report in today's edition on the New York Times.

According to another story in today's paper, "Computers and their related electronic data-processing devices became the United States' newest billion-dollar industry last year. ... Computers calcuclate the exact launching time for missiles and space satellites, hastened the automation of factories as well as offices and became standard equipment for tabulating ballots in national and other elections. ... Still on the drawing board at the end of last year were new computer systems that eventually will go into the home for the first time. These systems will enable a housewife to cook a meal, make beds and open or close windows by pushing a few buttons."

In a story from Concord, Mass.: "The application of electronics to plant cafeterias has been put in operation by the Raytheon Company at Nuclear Metals, Inc., in this town. Meals prepared by an outside commissary, frozen and served refrigerated, are re-heated by plant workers in Radarange microwave ovens in sixty seconds. ... These microwave components operate at 2,450 megacycles -- about 5,000 times higher than radio broadcasting frequencies. The energy is converted into heat when it is absorbed by food. Radaranges already are in operation in a number of restaurants."

January 8, 1961: French Voters Endorse Algerian Independence

In France, voters overwhelmingly approved a referendum endorsing President de Gaulle's Algeria policy that would give the country provisional autonomy pending ultimate self determination. In Algeria as many as 40 percent of Moslem voters abstained from the vote, casting doubt on the president's mandate in Algeria.

Tensions ran high over the weekend as the country prepared for a predicted invasion by the United States.

January 7, 1961: Cuba Says it Seized US Airdrops to Anti-Castro Forces

Cuba seized two airdrops of munitions for rebels, according to reports today in Havana. The airdrops, one by an American plane, were intended for rebel forces. One of the airdrops was near Trinidad. It contained 61 rifles, three bazookas, two mortars, six machine guns and ammunition. [Trinidad is the where the CIA plans to land the rebels it is training in Guatemala, who are to meet up with opposition forces on the island.]

The US today urged other countries to join its bid to "support and maintain the independence of Laos through whatever measures seem most promising."

Thermostats are now used in 24 million US homes to control heat, according to a report.

Under the headline, "Large-Scale Suburban Development Transforms an Entire Area," The New York Times reports, "In the wake of widespread residential development it is not unusual for a small community to find itself lifted from generations of quiet vegetation almost overnight, as new commercial enterprises spring up along the highways, as industrial plants are lured by a growing labor poll and added utilities and as municipal services are increased to meet the rising need for them."

January 6, 1961: Nixon Farewell

In Congress, Vice President Nixon declared John F. Kennedy the next president and made this statement:

"In our campaigns, no matter how hard fought they may be, no matter how close the election may turn out to be, those who lose accept the verdict, and support those who win. And I would like to say that, having served now in government for fourteen years, a period which began in the House just fourteen years ago, almost to the day, which continued with two years in the Senate and eight years as Vice President, as I complete that fourteen-year period it is indeed a very great honor to me to extend to my colleagues in the House and Senate on both sides of the aisle who have been elected; to extend to John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, who have been elected President and Vice President of the United States, my heartfelt best wishes, and to extend you those best wishes as all of you work in a cause that is bigger than any man's ambition, greater than any party. It is the cause of freedom, of justice, and peace for all mankind. It is in that spirit that I now declare that John F. Kennedy has been elected President of the United States and Lyndon B. Johnson Vice President of the United States."

January 5, 1961: US Breaks Relations with Cuba

President Eisenhower, in the waning days of his administrations, broke US diplomatic relations with Cuba. The president said Fidel Castro's behavior had "reached the limit" of what "The United States in self-respect can endure." James Reston wrote that Eisenhower "told off his tormentors and slammed the door on his way out. It was a grand exit which made the pictures dance on the wall and rattled old Fidel's back teeth, and this country obviously loved it."

January 4, 1961: State Department Details Soviet Intervention in Laos, Sulzberger Analyzes Split Response

The State Department had detailed the extent of Soviet aid to rebels in Laos in a new report. Between Dec. 15 and Jan. 2 there were as many as 21 flights a day by the Soviets and North Vietnam over Loas, the report said.

In his column in the New York Times on this day in 1961, C.L. Sulzberger writes: "The real crisis exposed by the Laotian civil war is a crisis in Allied relationships. ONce again we are faced with the uncomfortable fact that Washington, London and Paris have never agreed on a common oriental diplomatic front.

"The Big Three, who dominate SEATO, are in thorough discord on Laos today ... Today ... Britain and France favor compromise and the establishment of a coalition, neutralist government in Laos. They argue that SEATO intervention would formalize guerrilla war. The French and the British have had sad experience with such Asian wars. France lost a disastrous campaign in Vietnam. Britain took ten years to stamp out guerrillas in Malaya, which has no Communist-bloc frontier. British experts reckon formalized guerrilla war in Laos might last another decade....

"London and Paris feel Washington is too inclined to take a tough line without realizing where that line may lead. We, on the other hand, fear that collapse in Laos also would mean ultimate loss of all Southeast Asia and only toughness can prevent this."

January 3, 1961: US Making Preparations to Meet Crisis in Laos

It was reported today that the US is making preparations to meet the crisis in Laos. "President Eisenhower approved the measures to 'increase the readiness' and the 'airlift capability' of United States forces in the Pacific" and held "an unusual New Year's holiday conference at the White House," the New York Times reported in its lead story, which ran under the subhead, "White House Meeting Considers Steps to Bar War."

Other headlines on this day in 1961:

"Laotian Aide Says Chinese Reds Helped Attack by Leftist Force"

"London Bids U.S. Back Laos Panel; Asks Resuming of 3-Nation Control Commission"

"French Warships Going to Algeria; Navy Units Carrying 6,000 Troops Will Sail Tomorrow for Tense Oran Region"

"Belgium Makes Peace Bid As Strikers Set Showdown"

"UN Chief Scores Belgians for Aid To Congo Troops"

"Castro Tells U.S. Staff in Embassy Must Be Slashed"

January 2, 1961: Rebels Advance in Laos, US Shows Off New Portable A-bomb

"Rebels Advancing in Laos; US Urges SEATO Session on Intervention by Reds," was the lead headline in today's New York Times. The story reported that Communist forces had captured Phongsaly and the Central Plain, including a airstrip.

In other news reported today, the UN set a hearing on Cuba's charge that the US planned to attack the island nation imminently. The White House has recently denied similar reports.

Papers also reported today that President-elect Kennedy sent a message of hope to the Soviet Union. The note expressed his hope that "in the coming months relations between our tow great countries will be marked by goodwill and a common desire for peace."

There was also a report today that the Army had a new, portable A-bomb rocket: "the Army made public today details of the Davy Crockett rocket, designed to provide the foot soldier with a highly mobile weapon equal in fire-power to massed heavy artillery.

"It can be fired from a launcher on a Jeep. A smaller version of the Davy Crockett can be carried by one man.

"The army also released the first picture of the rocket, which can hurl nuclear or conventional warheads across battle lines at ranges no greater than those of conventional artillery.

"The picture disclosed a gun barrel roughly five or six feet long topped by a blunt-headed bomb about thrity inches long and equipped with aerodynamic fins.

"The barrel is used as a recoilless rifle. Two explosions are set off simultaneously in the barrel to fire the warhead in one direction and offset the effects of recoil in the other

"Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army, said that the weapon 'dwarfs in firepower anything we have ever known in the immediate are of the battle line."

January 1, 1961: Laos Analysis

This day in 1960 is a Sunday and an analysis of week's developments in Laos appears in the New York Times:

Communist intervention in strategic Laos has risen in recent weeks and there are no signs of an imminent tapering off. Indeed, if the volume of Communist propaganda against the new pro-Western Government of Prince Boun Oumand the efforts the Communist block is making to marshal international opinion against the regime and nations friendly to it represent any test, the Communist drive against Laos is entering a new and dangerous phase.

"The situation at the moment in Laos, as a result of these Communist moves, is the most critical one in East Asia. Many observers in this part of the world fear that the war in Laos, which heretofore has been limited to Laotians fighting under the generally misunderstood labels of pro-Westerners and pro-Communists, may spread to include foreign forces actually representing the two conflicting world power blocs. Indeed, Laos charged yesterday that North Vietnamese troops had crossed the border.

"The plight of Laos, most of whose 2,000,000 inhabitants want no part of the Western or Communist bloc and ask only to be left alone to follow their ancient, slow-paced way of life, grows out of the country's strategic position. With a pro-Communist Government, Laos cold be a staging area for greatly increased Communist guerrilla activity in South Vietnam, would enable the Communist to launch long-delayed terrorist moves against Thailand and would make it possible for the Communists to exert possibly overwhelming pressure against neutralist Cambodia.

"From the Western standpoint a pro-Western Government in Laos makes it impossible for pro-Co0mmunists to use the country as a corridor for large-scale movements of arms and personnel, although the lack of population in its rugged eastern mountains and the absence of communications will always allow considerable freedom of movement to small bands.

"A clue to the method the Communist bloc will use in pushing its aims in Laos is the insistence of the Soviet Union, Communist China and North Vietnam that the only legal Government of Laos is that of the neutralist Prince Souvanna Phouma, who became Premier last August and who fled with the bulk of his Cabinet to Cambodia Dec. 9.

December 31, 1960: US Warns Reds on Laos

The U.S. State Department today warned the Reds in China and North Vietnam not to support the Communist rebels in Laos. A spokesman said the US would take "the most serious view" of intervention. The invasion comes after weeks of Soviet help for the rebels in Laos. The Soviets have dropped supplies to the fighters. An American plan observing the operation was fired on. US officials think Vietnamese soldiers accompanied some Soviet shipments of howitzers.

In Moscow Premier Khrushchev extended an olive branch to the incoming Kennedy administration. Khrushchev said he would drop the U-2 spy plane issue that had been such a bone of contention with the US.

December 30, 1960: Vietnam Invades Laos, UN Help Sought

Troops from Communist North Vietnam have invaded Laos, the Laotian government said. Communist China may have also sent troops. Laos asked for assistance from the United Nations to repel the attackers. About 2,000 troops from North Vietnam are believed to have crossed the border into Northern Laos.

In Belgium, violence escalated. One striker was killed and three wounded. Rioters smashed the windows of the Sabena Airlines terminal in downtown Brussels.

About 300 Negro sharecroppers in Tennessee fighting eviction received a temporary order from a court allowing them to stay on the farm where they work as their legal battle continues.

President-elect Kennedy's decision to appoint McGeorge Bundy as his national security advisor is "completely incredible," Massachusetts Governor Foster Furcolo said today. Bundy, he said, is "completely unqualified."

December 29, 1960: Red China Farm Crisis

In Red China, half of all farm land had been crippled by drought, floods, typhoons, hailstorms, frost, inspects or plant diseases, Peiping said.

In California, a group of writers and actors is suing the major movie companies for having political blacklists of people considered subversive.

Private enterprise will be allowed to develop and use satellites for communications, the Eisenhower administration has decided. The incoming Kennedy administration is undecided about whether it will continue the policy.

In Brussels, King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola returned home today as violence continued. Socialists are leading a strike against the government over austerity measures.

T.S. Eliot, the prize-winning poet, said contemporary poetry should not be studied formally in school, only poetry of the past.

December 28, 1960: Britain and France Favor Coalition Government in Laos, Creating Split with U.S.

The U.S. and two of its allies are split over how to respond to events in Laos, according to a report being prepared for publication in tomorrow's New York Times. Britain and France support a role for the Left and Neutralists in the government, according to the report. The U.S. opposes a coalition government. Meanwhile, Communist China said in a letter released today that the situation in Laos had "developed to extremely serious proportions" and that China would "have to consider taking measures to safeguard its own security." In another development, the shots that hit a U.S. plane over Laos may have been from the ground, not a Soviet plane, according to officials in Washington.

Jews living outside Israel are godless and violated the precepts of their religion, Israeli Premier David Ben-Gurion said today. "Since the day when the Jewish state was established and the gates of Israel were flung open to every Jew who wanted to come, every religious Jew has daily violated the precepts of Judaism and the Torah of Israel by remaining the the Diaspora," he said.

In Brussels there were clashes between police and demonstrators today. It was the tenth day of a widespread strike against a government austerity program.

December 27, 1960: Reds Fire at US Plane over Laos

A Soviet plane supplying Communist rebels in Laos today fired on a U.S. Embassy aircraft observing the operation. An embassy spokesman said the machine gun fire "knocked out one engine and tore several holes in the fuselage." There were no injuries.

Yugoslavia said today it would enact monetary reforms to link its economy more closely to the West.

The US will join with four NATO allies to produce a new military jet in Europe. The plan is significant because it provides for large contribution from European nations. The US will foot only one-tenth of the cost of the F-104G Starfighter jets.

President-elect Kennedy today said he wold nominate John B. Connally Jr. of Fort Worth Texas as his Navy Secretary.

Residents of New York will soon be able to pick up their telephones and get information on emergencies by dialing a special number. At other times the round-the-clock number will be available for information on train and airline schedules. Under the innovative new arrangement a municipal radio station will convey information to the New York Telephone Company.

December 26, 1960: 'White House Family Gay' and Other Headlines

These are some of the headlines that appear on the front page of the New York Times on this day in 1960:

"Pentagon to Play More Direct Role in Arms Parleys; Military is Expected to Take a Major Part in Planning for Disarmament Talks; Nitze to Guide Policy; New Kennedy Defense Aide Holds Informal Meetings -- Studies Under Way."

"Changing U.N. Outlook: New U.S. Policy Awaited; Kennedy Administration Stand Watched as World Body Faces a Dangerous Crisis Over Soviet's Congo Role."

"Kennedy to Hold Meeting on Space; Johnson and Kerr Will Join President-elect Today -- Dillon Will Be Present."

"Nixon Backs Curbs on Racial Barriers in Jobs and Homes."

"Lumumba Group Seizes 4 in Raid on Area in Congo; Kivu Chief is Believed Held by Band From Oriental -- Plea Sent to Mobutu."

"Belgian Leftists Press Defiance; Ask New Strikes; Police Raid Socialist Paper -- Charge Leaflets Urged Soldiers to Mutiny."

"Nehru Cool to Call by Soviet for Talks in Geneva on Laos."

"Lavon is Cleared in Israeli Inquiry; Cabinet Group Says Forgery Was Employed to Accuse Ex-Defense Minister."

"Christmas Cheer, Renewing Hopes, Brightens World; Eisenhower, Kennedy and Truman Attend Services -- White House Family Gay."

"Theory That Continents Wander Is Supported by British Scientist."

December 25, 1960: Soviet Intentions on the Eve of a New Administration

A news analysis in today's New York Times takes up the topic of Communist tactics: "As President-elect Kennedy and his foreign policy team survey the world scene preparatory to taking over responsibility less than four weeks from today, they find the United States subject to Soviet pressures of the most diverse kind in every continent. ... At one extreme, some of Moscow's current activities could conceivably provoke World War III in the near future if continued unchecked. At the other extreme, Moscow is holding out the hand of alleged friendship to the new Kennedy regime, hinting it wants to make a deal which could greatly reduce world tensions. ...

"In Laos the continued Soviet airdrops of weapons and supplies to the rebel forces of Capt. Kong Le raise the most serious possibilities that a new Korea-type war may be in the making. Moreover, recent statements from Communist China and North Vietnam have raised the possibilities that these countries may intervene actively with troops to help the rebels recapture Vientiane and defeat Gen. Phoumi Nosavan's forces.

"In the Congo, the Soviet press has approved the action of the Lumumba lieutenant, Antoine Gizenga, in declaring that he now heads the Congo's legal government and has moved the capital to Stanleyville. This has raised the possibility that the Soviet Union might recognize the Stanleyville group, enter into diplomatic relations with it, and give it military and other aid. ...

"On the explosive subject of West Berlin, Soviet pressure continues through the East Germans, who have threatened to cut off that isolated Western enclave if the new trade treaty with West Germany is not quickly concluded.

"In Latin America, the Soviet Union pledged itself last week not only to sponsor the industrialism of Cuba, but also to guarantee Cuba against major losses if the United States prohibition on the importing of Cuban sugar should continue all next year."

December 24, 1960: Page One Headlines, with Threats Against Israel over Bomb

These were some of the headlines on page one of the New York Times today:

"US urges Soviet to Avoid Causing New Berlin Crisis; Bids Moscow Show Sincerity by Not Permitting Actions That Heighten Tension; Approaches Are Made; Capital Fears Consequences if the East-West German Trade Talks Break Down."

"Soviet Says it Hopes Amity Will Grow Under Kennedy; Gromyki, in Address Accuses Eisenhower of Causing Division."

"India Fears a Major War in South Asia Over Laos."

"Nasser Threatens Israel on A-Bomb."

This final story begins: "President Gamal Abdel Nasser warned tonight that if the United Arab Republic became convinced that Israel was making an atoic bomb, 'this will be the beginning of war between us and Israel.' He warned that the United Arab Republic would invade Israel 'to destroy the base of aggression before that base is used against us.'"

December 23, 1960: On Israel and the Bomb

Arthur Krock concludes his column in today's New York Times about suspicions Israel is developing an A-bomb by writing, "The Arab world is agitated with alarm over the possibility of an Israel armed with nuclear weapons. And the Soviets have seized a perfect opportunity to foment the trouble both ways: by playing on Israeli nationalism, to which it pretends to believe the United States has given just offense; and by arousing the Arabs.

"But Israel too has a perfect opportunity -- for a constructive action which will cancel the damage and Moscow's effort to increase it. Israel can conform to the spirit of Chairman McCone's offer at Vienna by placing under the present and future safeguards of the [Atomic Energy] Agency the reactor it is building. That would assist in the pursuit of world peace the United States, the nation which has given the most generous assistance to Israel's economy."

December 22, 1960: Communist Youth to Gather in Chicago, Hoover Warns

"The Communists are completing final arrangements for a conference to be held in Chicago beginning Dec. 31 to formulate plans for a new national youth organization," FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover said today. The Communist Party is the largest subversive organization in the country and has strengthened ties with the Soviet Union and Cuba, he said. "In addition the Communists hope to repeat the success which they achieved on the West Coast last May in spearheading mob demonstrations by college students and other young people against a committee of Congress," Hoover said in reference to a demonstration in San Francisco at a hearing of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. A municipal judge dismissed riot charges against 62 demonstrators saying they were protesting what they believed to be an undemocratic hearing.

A State Department spokesman said today that the Soviet aid to rebels in Laos was "a sinister factor" and that the US had "serious concern" about Soviet aid for pro-Communists in Laos. The Southeast Asian country could become "a second Korea," a Soviet commentator also said today.

The State Department said today that an Israeli nuclear reactor "does not represent cause for special concern." The US received reassurances from Israel that the reactor would be used for peaceful purposes.

December 21, 1960: 'A New Voice in Laos'

An editorial in the New York Times on this day in 1960, headlined, "A New Voice in Laos," states, "The new Government of Premier Roun Oum in Laos appears to be firmly in the saddle and, speaking with a more decisive voice than has been heard in Laos for some time, Prince Boun Ouba [sp?] declares that thee can be no coalition Government, and that, while Loas is bound to military neutrality, 'neutrality' as expounded in Asia has become a 'vain word' contradicting the facts of life.

"The development is welcome in Washington as offering Laos another opportunity to protect its freedom and integrity. For that purpose the United States is resuming its suspended military aid and other Southeast Asian allies are giving civilian aid to help devastated Vientiane.

"but the danger to Laos is not yet over. As in the Congo, the Soviets refuse to accept defeat and with the aid of Chinese and North Vietnamese Communists continue to airlift arms and ammunition to the retreating rebels. at the same time, the Soviets are seeking to gain by wile what they have not gained by force. This move aims at calling an 'international conference' to settle the Laotian problem, at a revival of the disbanded control commisson dominated by India and Poland, and at the establishment of another 'neutralist' Government of 'national unity,' including the Communists. It is regrettable that British Foreign Secretary Home, despite all the experience in Czechoslovakia, in China and in Laos itself, seems to be lending aid to this move. Premoer Boun Oum has rightly characterized it as an attempt to 'bring the wolf into the sheepfold.'"

December 20, 1960: Illinois Requires Two Ballots for Kennedy

From today's Chicago Daily Tribune: "It required two ballots for Illinois Democratic electors to cast 27 unanimous votes for John F. Kennedy today. On the first ballot, only 26 Kennedy votes were turned in, to the embarrassment of Democratic leaders. Republicans have charged that except for vote frauds in Chicago the Illinois electoral votes would have gone to Vice President Nixon."

In another story, from Honolulu, UPI reports, "Hawaii's three Republican electors cast their votes for Vice President Nixon today, but Sen. John F. Kennedy was leading in a recount of Presidential ballots. Because of the recount trend, three Democratic electors cast ballots for Kennedy and had them notarized. Theirs was not the officials ceremony but the votes of both sets of electors will go to a joint session of Congress Jan 6 where the issue will be decided finally."

December 19, 1960: US Deceived on Israel's Atom Work, Kennedy Election Final

Many deliberations of the president's national security council are a waste of time, the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery said in a report released on this day in 1960.

The Electoral College met today and elected John F. Kennedy to be the 35th president of the United States.

US officials had been deceived into believing that a plutonium-producing reactor under construction in Israel was a textile mill. The US now believes the plant may be making material for an A-bomb.

The US will begin soon resume military assistance to the pro-Western government in Laos.

The US moved a step closer to matching Soviet achievements in space today with. An unmanned Mercury capsule traveled 235 miles out over the Atlantic Ocean. "The next flight could include a chimpanzee," said Robert Gilruth, director of the Mercury program.

December 18, 1960: Israel May be Building A-Bomb, US Policy on Laos

The United States has questioned Israel about reports that it is developing atomic weapons, John McCone, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission said today. The New York Times is preparing a story for tomorrow's edition that will say the U.S. is "studying with mounting concern recent evidence indicating that Israel, with the assistance of France, may be developing the capacity to produce atomic weapons." Israel denied that is is making an atomic bomb. The Times story will quote a US official as saying that if Israel is working on a bomb it would take another two and a half years to complete the development."

Today in the New York Times, a summary of US policy towards Laos: "...the State Department made it clear this week that the United States would not hesitate to give Laos every possible assistance in case of aggression from outside. It planned to go ahead with its long-standing program of economic and military aid to the Government of Laos.

"The stakes in Laos were high indeed. Its location at the heart of southeast Asia made the small and backward land of utmost strategic importance. Its loss to the Communists would open up long borders of friendly powers such as Thailand and South Vietnam to infiltration by the Communists. It was also felt here [in Washington] that the loss of Laos to the Communists would prove an irreparable blow to United States and Western prestige throughout Asia.

"but Laos is still a long way fro home for most Europeans. And was it really worth fighting for? Would it not be better to take a stand elsewhere, later? Was the risk of major conflict justified? The United States was saying 'yes' it was worth it and 'no' it would not be better to stand up and be counted later. Its friends were beginning at last to listen, but as yet with only one ear."

December 17, 1960: Laos a Flashpoint

"The United States Government has served notice that it supports the legitimate Laotian Government of Premier Boun Oum and will do what it can to help that Government to overcome any threat of external aggression," an editorial in the New York Times on this day in 1960 states. "This position is supported by the whole Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, which has put strategic Laos under its protection and denounced Soviet shipments of heavy arms and Communist technicians to the Left-Wing rebel forces as 'outside interference' in Laotian internal affairs.

"There is hope that the issue may be decided by the recapture of the administrative capital of Vientiene by Government forces. The issue has been simplified by the fact that the forces of Captain Kong, who staged a coup d'etat to establish a neutralist Government, since overthrown by the National Assembly and disbanded by the King, have made common cause with the pro-Communist Pathet Lao forces, making the formerly three-cornered civill war a clear struggle between Communists and anti-Communists.

"In keeping with the Indochinese agreements, the United States stands, as Secretary Herter emphasizes, for a 'united and neutral' Laos. But any threat of 'external' aggression, which under the Southeast Asia Treaty could mean either direct or indirect aggression, would call for action in what Secretary Herter calls a 'tragic and dangerous' situation in which 'the fate of Southeast Asia may very well be decided by what happens in Laos.'"

In related news, the Soviet Union and its allies are responsible for the fighting in Laos, the US State Department said today.

West Germany said today it is backing the U.S. position for Allied control of the Atlantic nuclear force.

A US Air Force plane crashed into a crowded Munich, Germany, street car today, killing at least 50.

December 16, 1960: Airliners Collide over New York City, Man Held in 'Human-Bomb Plot to Kill Kennedy

Two airliners collided over New York City on this day in 1960. One fell on Staten Island, the other in Brooklyn, killing 127 passengers and crew and five on the ground.

In Laos, pro-West forces took the administrative capital of Vietiane, following a 76-hour battle for the city.

In Havana it was disclosed that Cuba and the Soviet Union have agreed to expand trade.

In Florida a man was held in a plot to kill President-elect Kennedy. The 73-year-old retired postal clerk from New Hampshire, upset at the way Kennedy had won the election, planned to make himself into a "human bomb." He was found with seven sticks of dynamite, blasting caps, wiring and other equipment. He was picked up in a routine traffic stop. Richard

"If any further proof was needed that the reach of American scientists into space still exceeds the grasp of their rockets, it was provided by the explosive failure of the moon shot at Cape Canaveral early this morning," John Finney writes in a news analysis in the New York Times on this day in 1960. "Aside from being another psychological setback to a space program that had just seemed to be hitting an impressive stride, the failure demonstrated once again that the United states was still a long way from perfecting reliable, heavy-duty launching rockets for space missions.

"Eight times now the United States -- first the Air Force and Army and then the civilian space agency -- have tried, with what in retrospect seems undue haste to send a payload to the vicinity of the moon and thus perhaps match or offset the spectacular lunar feats of the Soviet Union. Only one, the 134-pound Pioneer IV that passed within 37,300 miles of the moon in March, 1959, was partly successful.

"The national embarrassment provided by these necessarily public failures was only heightened by the fact that the Soviet Union, which can conceal its failures, was sending a payload within 5,000 miles of the moon, then landing a payload on the moon itself and finally sending a satellite around to photograph the backside of the moon during 1959."

Also in today's paper it was reported that the US will aid the anti-Communist Government in Laos in resisting Red aggression.

A headline in today's Chicago Daily Tribune reads, "Tenth of 1% of Vote Puts Kennedy In." Kennedy had a margin of 112,801 votes out of 68,832,670.

December 15, 1960: Illinois Casts Votes for Kennedy, Deciding November Election Outcome

In Springfield, Illinois, "The five-mamber state electoral board unanimously certified today [Dec. 14] John F. Kennedy's hair-line victory in Illinois, where twenty-seven electoral votes were at stake," the New York Times reported today. "The board, headed by Gov. William G. Stratton, a Republican, rejected arguments by Cook County and Chicago Republican leaders that there was evidence of widespread fraud in the Nov. 8 elections in Chicago and Cook County that would justify the withholding of certification."

An editorial in the Chicago Daily Tribune today, "The Lesson of the Stolen Votes," argues that the electoral board's decision should not be criticized. "There is no doubt now that thousands of votes were stolen from Vice President Nixon. Altho it is highly probably that Mr. Nixon actually won Illinois, proof of his victory is lacking. The electoral board could not be expected to supplant the official returns from the 102 counties of the state with a conjecture of what an honest count would show. Most lawyers agree that the board lacks this power."

Anthony Lewis reports for the New York Times today about how the Republicans lost the Negro vote, following a report yesterday that a couple of phone calls by the Kennedys had made the difference. "At the climax of the election campaign the Justice Department prepared a statement for President Eisenhower to issue on the jailing of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The draft statement deplored the arrest of the anti-seggregationist leader on a traffic charge in Georgia as 'fundamentally unjust.' It said the President was asking the Attorney General to help seek his release.

"The statement was never issued. Just why is not clear, but it seems beyond dispute now that such strong words, coming from the President, would have had a major impact on the Negro vote."

From United Press International comes this warning: "Discovery of life on other worlds could cause the earth's civilization to collapse, a Federal report said today. The warning was contained in a research report given to the National aAeronautics and Space Administration with the recommendation that the world prepare itself mentally for the eventuality."

In Laos, anti-Communist forces held the center of Vientiane 18 hours after recapturing it for the second time since an assault began on the capital three days ago.

In Cuba, members of the "anti-Red" Electrical Workers Union, facing dismissal from the union and arrest on charges of sabotage and counter-revolutionary activities, took refuge in Latin American embassies in Havana, the New York Times reported today.

A coup in Ethiopia has ousted Emperor Halle Selassie. The Imperial Household Guard was reportedly responsible. The emperor's son claimed power.

December 14, 1960: Kennedy Election May Have Hinged on Phone Calls

The election of John Kennedy could have hinged on "a couple of phone calls." It was reported today that President Eisenhower said that was all it took to swing the Negro vote to the Democrats. The president was apparently referring to phone calls that Kennedy and his brother, Robert, made after the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., was jailed in Georgia. One of the John Kennedy's calls was to Mrs. King. Robert Kennedy called the judge who had sentenced King and persuaded him to release King on bail. Some feared that King could be killed while in jail.

The National Review recently ran a piece entitled "President-Elect Nixon?" It concluded that, "Americans tend to resign themselves easily to political events, and it is notoriously difficult to stir up a sustained demand for investigations of electoral fraud. In fact the prestige of a politician seems never to be hurt even if he is generally recognized to have won -- as Senator Harry Truman did -- thanks to the tombstone vote."

It was reported today that James R. Killian, who served as President Eisenhower's first special assistant for science and technology, believes the nation is spending too much money on space programs. He suggested the billions could be better spent on defense, education and deteriorating urban neighborhoods.

The French Army in Algeria shot and killed to European demonstrators, as protests there continued. To date, 108 Moslems and six Europeans have been killed in clashes with security forces.

In the Congo Antoine Gizenga, who the New York Times describes as a "Communist sympathizer," said he represented the country's lawful government. Gizenga was vice premier under Patrice Lumumba.

December 12, 1960: Election Suits Dismissed

From the Chicago Daily Tribune from this day in 1960: "Two suits filed by Chicago Republicans to compel the city and the county canvassing boards to correct their reports on the basis of vote discrepancies uncovered in a recheck were dismissed yesterday by Judge Thomas E. Kluczynski in Circuit court.

"At the same time, a federal judge in Houston, Tex., dismissed a case in which Republicans sought a recount of the Texas vote on the ground that G.O.P. voters as a class had been deprived of their civil rights thru 'dilution' of their votes. His dismissal of a temporary injunction which had been granted the Republicans opened the way for casting Texas' 24 electoral votes for Sen. John F. Kennedy, the Democratic Presidential nominee."

December 13, 1960: 'Russia Threatens Indochina'

"Russia Threatens Indochina" is the headline of an editorial in the New York Times on this day in 1960. "The fate of Indochina again hangs in the balance as a result of direct Soviet military intervention in the three-cornered civil war in Laos, the strategic gateway to South Vietnam and Cambodia. Within hours after a turnover of four Governments in four days had put the Leftist in power in the administrative capital of Vientiane, Soviet planes began to fly in arms and ammunition to them, including artillery. Having thus openly engaged themselves, the Soviets must be expected to go further, unless the Rightist forces surrounding the capital quickly turn the scale.

"The Soviet intervention in an area long preempted by the Chinese Communist follows the latter's more militant interpretation of the new Communist manifesto calling for an intensified international 'class war' as part of 'peaceful coexistence.' But it is in flagrant violation of the Geneva armistice agreement of 1954, which forbids the introduction of foreign troops or arms into Laos beyond those specified. It is in equally flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter under which a United Nations 'presence' has already been established in Laos to check on Communist aggression.

"But this intervention is above all, and is obviously intended to be, an open challenge to the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, which extends its protection to three of the Indochinese states, even if the armistice agreement keeps them from being members of it. The Organization's Council of Ministers, meeting in special session in Bangkok denounces the Soviet action as 'outside interference' which can only prolong the conflict. But it is handicapped by the fact that even if it declared the Soviet action a threat to Laos' political independence it can take action only with the consent of the government concerned, and there is no legal government in Laos at the moment. The Government of Premier Prince Souvanna -- whose ill-fated attempt to unite the country and end the Communist revolt 'en famille' in Laotian style has failed -- has been ousted by the National Assembly and has disintegrated. The Leftists now ruling in Vientiane have no legal mandate. The one legal authority left is the King, who is revered by the whole population. He has kept himself thus far in reserve, but time is running out."

December 12, 1960: Mid-Air Capture of Space Capsules Hailed as 'Gigantic Step Forward'

A New York Times editorial on this day is headlined "Space Catch" and says, "Anyone who seeks a measure of how fast and how far this country has progressed in space technology in the last three years need look no further than the score on the recoveries of recent Discoverer space capsules. The capsules of four of the last six Discoverer satellites sent into orbit have been recovered. Three of the last five capsules sent into orbit have been caught in space, and two of three space catches have been made on the last two attempts. Capt. Gene W. Jones, who made those last two catches, has a reasonable claim to be the best catcher of all time. There can now be no doubt that the United States has fully mastered the technique of recovering objects sent into space. It is a gigantic step forward."

The following are some of the headlines on the front page of today's New York Times:

"61 Dead in Algiers Riots; Troops Fire on Moslems; De Gaulle Shortens Visit; 300 are Wounded; Europeans Retaliate for Algerian Acts of Terrorism."

"De Gaulle's Algeria Policy Undergoing a Crucial Test."

"Spain Will Curb De Gaulle's Foes."

"Soviet Warns Britain of Attack if U.S. Submarines Stir Incident."

"Soviet Guns Sent into Laos by Air; Pro-Red in Power."

"Atlanta Negroes March in Protest."

"Kennedy Confers on Cabinet Posts."

"Mansfield Urges Filibuster Foes to Defer a Fight; Probable Majority Leader Bids Party Liberals Put Kennedy Plans First."

And from the Chicago Daily Tribune, this headline:

"Daley Labeled Mastermind in Recount Stall."

December 11, 1960: Illinois 'Inadequate' to Counter Stolen Election, Editorial Says

The following editorial, under the headline "Once An Election is Stolen" appeared in the Chicago Daily Tribune on this day in 1960:

"We have little doubt that most of the people of Cook country are convinced -- and feel that they have good reason for the conviction -- that the election of Nov. 8 was characterized by such gross and palpable fraud as to justify the conclusion that at least two Republican candidates were deprived of victory. These were Richard Nixon for President and Benjamin Adamowski for state's attorney.

"But as the exploratory re-count has proceeded, it has become more and more apparent that the complexities of law and procedure and shortage of time in which to undo manifest fraud, not to mention the vast expense entailed, all are combining to militate against the correction of injustice.

"As it has told the story day by day, the Tribune has never failed to make clear to its readers that the difficulties of cutting thru the legal snarl and overcoming the rear guard action of a powerful political apparatus were great. So it may be wise if the voters do not burden themselves with the illusion that it would be simple, given the evidence produced, to reverse the result of the vote officially proclaimed by Democrats who control the county election machinery.

"The painful process to achieve that result has begun with the completion of the 'discovery' re-count. When Democratic members of the Chicago canvassing board walked out on an appeal that they correct the vote in conformity with the re-count, mandamus suits were filed in Circuit court against the city and county canvassing boards to force such action, and members of these boards were subpenaed as defendants. On Wednesday the state electoral board will be asked not to certify Sen. Kennedy as winner of Illinois' electoral votes. ...

"The behavior of the board, which as only one Republican member to four Democrats, has from the beginning inspired a minimum of confidence. When the board was compelled to honor a Republican demand that 460 judges of election appear before the Chicago canvassing board to answer questions on the genuineness of their returns [the chairman] summoned all at the same hour to a small room and produced a mob scene which prohibited orderly process. He then dismissed the lot after asking the perfunctory and meaningless question whether the tally displayed to them was what they reported. ...

"At the end of this discovery rigmarole, revision of the voting totals to reflect even admitted errors was refused by the canvassing board. The sole probable result is that sufficient grounds have been established for bringing a court suit for an official re-count on grounds of fraud. Even this depended on the vigilance of Republican volunteer watchers.

"If the re-count were directed, those acting for defrauded candidates had the knowledge that expenses to be borne by protesting candidates would be of the order of hundreds of thousands of dollars, and they were advised by lawyers that the re-count itself might not be completed for a year and a half.

"All of this action is directed against a deadline of Dec. 19, by which time the state electoral board must decide whether the results of the election are to be certified. The decision rests on the board's determination wether the Cook county vote is to be accepted as it has been proclaimed by Democrats of the election board and in the office of county clerk. The proclamation was issued days before the discovery re-count was begun and rests essentially on the totals reported form the precincts on election night.

"The state board, with a Republican majority, is in a constitutional no man's land. If it refuses to certify, Illinois' 27 electoral votes might be withheld from John F. Kennedy. But if the electors, all Democrats, proceeded to forward the report of the electoral vote to Washington, the possibility exists that a Democratic Congress would accept it and defy contention that it could not legally be cast.

"The difficulty is in getting an honest report of the voting results in Cook county to the state board at Springfield. The two Democratic members of the three man county canvassing board are the mayor of Chicago and the county clerk. They have already signed the proclamation that Cook county went to Kennedy and to the other Democratic candidates whose title to office is in dispute.

"Whatever the evidence, it is unlikely that these highly interested officials would have a sudden access of conscience sufficient to induce them to withdraw the previous proclamation and replace it with once more in accord with the facts, unless the courts force them to do so.

"Give all of these circumstances, complications, and political ambushes, it would be an wary citizen who gave way to the illusion that Illinois might suddenly be swung to Richard Nixon. Even Sen. Thruston Morton, the Republican national chairman, has conceded that the possibility of reversing the election is remote.

"The investigation to date, incomplete and superficial as it may be, has demonstrated that existing election procedures in Illinois, particularly as they are applied in Chicago, are inadequate to defend the integrity of the ballot, or to insure an honest count. The law under which the election machinery operates is so complex and cumbersome that it affords, in effect, almost no recourse to an injured contestant in a stolen election."

December 10, 1960: Alabama Electors Shun Kennedy for Opposing 'Everything We Hold Dear in the South'

Moslems backing de Gaulle rioted in Algeria for the second day. "The silent, noncommittal Moslems of the Algerian cities came out of their casbahs to wreck and pillage and demonstrate their smoldering antagonism to the Europeans," Thomas Brady wrote of today's unrest for the New York Times. The Moslems shouted slogans in support of de Gualle's policy, which would establish grant self-determination. At the same time Europeans in Algeria are rioting in opposition to de Gualle's policy.

In Moscow, Ernesto Che Guevara said today that Cuba would be a model for revolution across Latin America. A New York Times article about Guevara's statement describes him as "the bearded director of Cuba's economy, wearing an open-necked army shirt."

In Laos, a military junta took over the administrative capital of Vientiane. The High Committee of the Armed Forces arranged for peace talks with anti-Communist rebels east of the city, hoping to prevent them for joining pro-Western forces approaching the city from the south.

It was disclosed to reporters today that the government plans to subsidize development of a supersonic airliner. "The program is being pushed in the interests of national prestige, the economic health of the aviation industry and the national defense," Richard Witkin wrote in a story for tomorrow's edition of the New York Times. The plane would be ready for the airlines to operate as soon as 1968. The craft would be a new design, with movable wings, and would fly 2,000 mph, or Mach 3. The government expects industry to pay half the development cost, estimated at between $550 million and $1 billion.

In other aviation news, a satellite capsule was captured in mid-air as it fell to earth. It was the third space capsule from a Discovery satellite to be captured by an Air Force squad of nine planes.

In Alabama, the state's six unpledged Democratic electors said they will not support Kennedy. They pledged to vote "for an outstanding Southern Democrat who sympathizes with our peculiar problems in the South." They were critical of other southerners who "ally themselves with a candidate who avowedly would integrate our schools, do away with literacy tests as a qualification for voting [and] ... undermine everything we hold dear in the South."

These stories were written today for the front page of tomorrow's Chicago Daily Tribune:

In a story from Texas, "The Federal Bureau of Investigation today moved into the unique case set for federal court hearing Monday to determine whether there is recourse for the people against vast irregularities in the Presidential election. Agents of the FBI interviewed Hardy Hollers, Republican attorney who obtained a temporary federal injunction to prevent the state canvassing board from certifying victory for the 24 electors. The board wants to proclaim that Sen. John F. Kennedy carried Texas by 46,000 votes."

Robert Wiedrich wrote, "G.O.P. forces seeking to overturn Sen. John F. Kennedy's victory in Illinois, claimed Vice President Nixon gained 5,528 votes and predicted that the discounting of more fraudulent votes would dissolve Kennedy's 8,858 vote margin.

December 9, 1960: Administration Warns of China Getting the Bomb, Anti-Communist Demonstration in Cuba

The Eisenhower administration warned Congress in a closed session that Communist China may soon get the A-bomb.

In Algeria, riot police used tanks to put down demonstrations in which at least 100 were injured. While Europeans demonstrated, Moslems cheered French President de Gaulle on his visit to Algeria. "The cries, the clamor mean nothing," de Gaulle said.

In Laos, Premier Souvanna Phouma fled the capital of Vientiane for Cambodia as the Communist Pathet Lao and pro-Western troops prepared to fight in the capital.

In Cuba there was an unusual protests by Electric Company workers against Communist attempts to seize their union. The workers, numbering about 1,000, shouted "Cuba yes, Russia no."

In the Congo the UN moved to protect Europeans in Stanleyville in the wake of death threats from supporters of deposed and imprisoned former premier Patrice Lumumba.

David K. E. Bruce, a career diplomat, is a leading contender to be secretary of state in the Kennedy administration.

In a story for tomorrow's edition of the New York Times, William J. Jorden finds that Western diplomats believe the Communists will step up their activity in the underdeveloped world, despite ideological differences. "However, few diplomats believe that these ideological differences foreshadow an open break among the Communist powers in the foreseeable future,"

In Illinois, federal grand jury subpoenas have been issued for voting records from 13 Chicago precincts. Also, the Justice Department has approved another grand jury investigation of vote fraud; it will begin hearing evidence next week.

December 8, 1960: Goldwater Calls for Ending Foreign Aid to 'Inferior People'

Congress should stop giving economic aid to foreign nations, Senator Barry Goldwater told the National Association of Manufacturers today. "We have seen nothing of great value produced in the fifteen years we've been engaged in it," he said. He also said the US should limit the amount of money tourists can take out of the country.

"The United States should begin acting like a world power and quit groveling on its knees to inferior people who like to come to New York," Goldwater said.

In Laos, Leftists took over the administrative capital of Vientiane from neutralists, ending that groups one-day hold on the city.

Cuba has taken over the Royal Bank of Canada's island offices. In September Castro nationalized three US banks on the island.

In the seventh year of a Moslem nationalist rebellion in Algeria, Paris has set a vote for January 8 to decide if Algerians will be given home rule, leading to eventual independence from France.

In Stanleyville, capital of Eastern Province in the Congo, threats have been made against Belgians since the arrest of deposed Premier Patrice Lumumba. UN Secreatary General Dag Hammarskjold called the threats "deeply disturbing."

Moscow said today it will make favorable loans to Cairo for industrial and agricultural development.

In Austin, Texas, the governor and secretary of state said they favor a recount of the November election, but were unsure they had the authority to order it.

December 7, 1960: Moscow Says US Blocking Korean Unification, Texas Delays Vote Certification for Kennedy

The Soviet Union said today the United States was blocking the re-unification of Korea. Moscow called on the United Nations to force the evacuation of U.S. and other foreign troops from the peninsula.

Dag Hammarskjold said today there would be chaos if the U.N. withdrew its troops from the Congo, as the Soviet Union has said it should.

President Eisenhower is withdrawing naval forces from Central American waters. Navy forces have been patrolling the coast to prevent outside support of any Communist-inspired revolt in Guatemala or Nicaragua.

"Missing ballot applications stirred Republicans ... as they pressed their 'discovery' recount," George Tagge wrote for a story to be published in tomorrow's Chicago Daily Tribune. "They said the recount now gives Vice President Nixon a net gain of 2,978 votes.... Nixon is certain to pick up enough votes in the remaining 463 of the 863 paper ballot precincts, when combined with gains thru rechecking voting machines, to overcome the lead of 8,858 votes by which Sen. John F. Kennedy won Illinois in the Nov. 8 election, said Georges H. Dapples, counsel for the Nixon Recount committee."

Meanwhile, the Tribune will report tomorrow that a federal district court judge in Texas has signed a temporary restraining order prohibiting certification of Texas' 24 electoral votes pending hearing of a Republican suit challenging the validity of the Nov. 8 election.

The president of the international Brotherhood of Teamsters, James Hoffa, was indicted today on charges of misusing more than $500,000 in union funds.

"Mass filing, one of the last purely manual office chores, has been converted into a push-button operation by Diebold, Inc.," a New York Times reporter wrote for a story to be published in tomorrow's edition. "Diebold, a large producer of safes and varied office equipment, demonstrated ... its new automatic filing system, which it calls "open Shelf Power Files."

"The next decade will see a sharp change in the age pattern of the consumer population, a change that has important marketing overtones," Robert Alden wrote in a story to be published tomorrow in the New York Times. "The consumer market will grow considerably younger. The nation's total population will be 20 percent larger by 1970. But the number of persons under 30 will be up by 30 percent."

December 6, 1960: Eisenhower and Kennedy Meet, Discuss 'Problems of Peace'

President Eisenhower and President-elect Kennedy met for three hours today to discuss world problems. A joint statement said they discussed "major problems of peace, security and freedom throughout the world, particularly including the American balance of payments and the position of the American dollar."

The Soviet Union today stressed unity with Communist China to achieve world communism. Peiping said it wold continue to go its own way.

The U.S. for the first time released pictures of the atom bombs dropped on Japan 15 years ago.

The Soviet Union today said the U.S. was fomenting civil war in Laos. The Soviet ambassador to the U.S. indicated the possibility of Soviet intervention if the neutralist government is seriously threatened by pro-Western forces.

In Chicago the lawyer for the Nixon Recount Committee said he will ask the State Electoral Board to give the state's electoral votes to Nixon. With one third of the Chicago election board's 863 paper ballot precincts check, Nixon has gained 2,512 votes, according to the G.O.P.

December 5, 1960: More Accounts of Chicago Vote Fraud

George Tagge prepared a story for publication in tomorrow's Chicago Daily Tribune saying, "Gross discrepancies sin precinct reports and ballot boxes devoid of ballots sparked Republican hopes ... of keeping Illinois out of the victory column of Sen. John F. Kennedy. Republicans ... announced that their version of the 'discovery' recount in the first 151 precincts checked would give Vice President Nixon a net unofficial gain of 1,283 votes ... In these 151 precincts the Democrats had recount figures allowing gains of only 43 for Nixon ... Democrat said the recount of 277 precincts ... gave Nixon a net gain of 254 votes. ... Democratic election officials admitted the discrepancies in the party's west side strongholds.

"Mrs. Marie Suthers, the Republican member of the three-member Chicago election board, demanded that the precinct judges be called to account. In the 7th precinct of the 29th ward, the 'discovery' recount financed by the G.O.P. compelled Democrats to agree that the recount gave Nixon an unofficial net gain of 81 votes.

"For the 27th ward's 12th precinct Democrats agreed the net G.O.P. gains were 62 for Nixon ... When the ballot box for the 56th precinct of the 10th ward was opened not a single ballot was found. It contained several envelope, some of them with bland ballots which had been initialed by election judges. The box was marked to show that 388 ballots had been cast. The official tally for this precinct asserted that Kennedy got 259 votes to 92 for Vice President Nixon.

"Soon afterward the ballot box for the 86th precinct of the 9th ward was hoisted to a counting table. It bore a notation that 480 ballots had been cast. Inside there was not a single voted ballot."

Another story written for tomorrow's front page begins, "Election officials in precincts in which glaring vote discrepancies have been uncovered were unable to explain yesterday how tallies marked on ballot boxes could vary so widely from the ballots inside."

Another story for tomorrow's Tribune begins, "United States Attorney Robert Tieken said ... that the federal grand jury will inquire into all cases of clear cut violations of federal election laws disclosed by a recheck of the vote in the Nov. 8 election."

In other news, 81 Communist parties around the world signed a declaration pledging victory by peaceful means. It called the Communist party of the Soviet Union the "universally recognized vanguard of the world Communist movement."

In Laos, the government called on the US to halt shipments of arms and ammunition to rebel forces. Premier Souvanna Phouma also said his government had notified rebels that it was open to a cease fire.

December 4, 1960: G.O.P Predicts 10,000 invalid ballots in Chicago

Chicago Daily Tribune reporter Robert Wiedrich wrote in a story to be published tomorrow that Republicans were predicting "that more than 10,000 invalid paper ballot votes will be thrown out in Chicago in a court contest of the Nov. 8 election, possibly reversing the Democratic victory in Illinois.

"At the same time G.O.P. watchers at a recheck by 50 teams of 863 Chicago paper ballot brecincts, being conducted in City hall, reported finding at least 100 straight Republican tickets which had been 'spoiled' by the marking of an additional 'X' in the Socialist-Labor candidates' column.

"In one instance, 15 ballots in a row had been so altered. This was the latest disclosure of apparent fraud and tampering with paper ballots which the Republican leaders charged occurred either while the ballots were being counted at the precinct polling places or after they were stored in warehouses by the city board of election commissioners."

December 3, 1960: Votes for Nixon Erased in Chicago, G.O.P. Charges; Space Dogs Die

"Scores of Republican votes were erased and Democratic votes substituted in paper ballot precincts in the Nov. 8 election," according to G.O.P. leaders, Robert Wiedrich writes in a story for publication in tomorrow's edition of the Chicago Tribune.

"Ralph Berkowitz, an attorney representing the Republican watchers said Republican votes had been erased in the circle designated for Vice President Nixon and a mark inserted in behalf of Sen. John F. Kennedy, the Democratic candidate who the G.O.P. charges won Illinois' 27 electoral votes thru fraud at the polls.

"'This is one of the most flagrant situations we have found in the recheck of 863 paper ballot precincts in Chicago,' Berkowitz said. 'This again points up the utter disregard for the elections laws that the Democratic machine practiced on election day.'"

The U.S. government needs a plan for developing and using communication satellites, a Senate committee study said today. "Critical decisions" needed to be made soon to ensure the "bright promise" of international communications, the committee said.

Tad Szulc writes in an article for publication tomorrow in the New York Times of Latin America's instability. Of Cuba he says a recent "wave of sabotage ... [is] the worst outbreak of organized opposition to Premier Castro since he gained power almost two years ago. Bombs exploded in Havana and in the interior of the island, damaging public utilities, cutting railroads and creating the very same kind of terror that Dr. Castro had spread when he fought a dictatorship and promised freedom and democracy. Despite the efforts of his heavily armed militia, guerilla activists in Cuba's central mountains could not be eradicated.

Headlines in today's newspapers announced that the latest Soviet ship to go into space went out of control as it returned to earth. The space ship carried two dogs.

Also in the news today is the seizure of Congo's deposed premier, Patrice Lumumba, who had been a fugitive after escaping custody last week. He is now again a prisoner of Col. Joseph Mobuto, who heads the army regime.

December 2, 1960: Republican Party Official Goes to Chicago, Vietnam Said to be 'Source of Trouble'

Sen Thruston B. Morton of Kentucky, national Republican chairman said today that he would pursue all legal means to "an honest count." In Chicago, Morton said, "I don't think that Sen. Kennedy or Sen. [Henry] Jackson [national Democratic chairman] were aware in advance of the disclosures of fraud now being made. I don't think they would have condoned it." He criticized county officials who refused to endorse corrected vote count figures turned up in a recheck of voting machines.

The Chicago Daily Tribune prepared this story for tomorrow's edition: "Broken and missing seals on a large proportion of boxes containing ballots of the Nov. 8 election provoked protests yesterday from republicans financing the 'discovery' recount of returns. Reporters for the Tribune saw that seals were broken or missing on 13 of 47 corrugated cardboard boxes containing ballots. On Thursday they spotted similar defects on 14 of 21 boxes.

"In addition, reporters noted that in the case of four boxes the precinct judges hadn't written their names across the paper seal and the box as required.

'This represents either fraud or gross irregularities, we don't know which, said Ralph Berkowitz, an attorney for the G.O.P. in the recount. 'The law provides for a seal to keep the boxes safe from tampering.'"

"Six years after the end of the war in Indochina which created the independent states of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia this strategically vital area continues to shake under the impact of a Communist aggression that percipitates increasing internal strife," according to an editorial in today's New York Times. "As the three states are no under protection of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, the continued turmoil confronts this organization, and especially the United States as a key member of it, with dangers and problems matching those in Latin America and Africa.

"The immediate focal point of conflict is Laos, where Communist guerrillas, aided and abetted by Communist China and Communist-held North Vietnam, have waged intermittent war throughout the six years. But the real source of trouble is North Vietnam, which is a transit base for Communist penetration into Laos, South Vietnam and Cambodia.

"All three countries have thus far been able to ward off a Communist take-over. But the continued strife and the unmatched Communist aggressiveness are producing a war weariness which finds varying expression in the three states and which Western aid cannot quite allay. The most successful resistance has been offered by President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam, but continued Communist raids have created a climate that sparked a Right-Wing military revolt against him, though he managed to suppress it."

Newspapers published today reports that President-elect Kennedy has selected Connecticut Governor Abraham Ribicoff as his nominee for Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, the incoming president's first Cabinet pick.

From Leopoldville it was reported that The Congo has severed ties with the United Arab Republic after allegations that Egyptian diplomats may have helped deposed Premier Patrice Lumumba escape custody.

It was also reported today that the First National Bank of Boston had opened an underground bomb shelter in Pepperell, Mass., to store its records. The shelter was built to withstand the blast of a 20-megaton bomb exploding more than three miles from the site.

Members of a pacifist group, the Committee for Non-Violent Action, began a 6,500-mile march in San Francisco that is to take them to Moscow. They are protesting the growing stockpile of nuclear weapons.

December 1, 1960: Red Dogs in Space, Nixon Picks up Votes in Illinois

"Reds Fire 2 Dogs into Space," reads a headline in today's Chicago Daily Tribune. Moscow radio had this announcement: "In accordance with the program of scientific research the third space ship was orbited as an earth satellite in the Soviet Union on Dec. 1. For medical-biological research in the conditions of space eight experimental animals -- dogs named Pehelka and Mushka -- have been placed in the cabin of the space ship. In the cabin there also are other animals, insects and plants."

"Vice President Nixon made a net unofficial gain of 1,214 votes thru a Republican comparison of actual voting machine figures with official canvass tallies," the Tribune said in a story prepared for publication tomorrow. "Ralph Berkowitz, an attorney aiding the G.O.P., said Nixon apparently can go on to carry Illinois on the paper ballot recount.

"Faced with the withholding of Illinois' 27 electoral votes from Sen. John F. Kennedy for President, Democrats here yesterday abruptly called off their slowdown in the 'discovery' recount of paper ballot precincts. New fires of controversy immediately flared over broken seals on ballot boxes and what happened to surplus ballots in each precinct."

"A southern plan to rally a block of 46 electoral votes to prevent Sen. John F. Kennedy's election as President is under way," the Tribune reported in another story for tomorrow's edition. "At least two prominent southern electors, leaders in the anti-Kennedy movement indicated Vice President Nixon could win the bloc's support if he softened his party's strong civil rights stand. This would give Nixon the 269 electoral votes needed for the Presidency, disregarding the possibility of his picking up Illinois' 27 votes on a recount."

Other election-related headlines prepared for tomorrow's edition include: "How One Man Battled for Honest Vote," Report Jury Asks to Stay on Vote Probe," Finds Vote Frauds in 7 States; G.O.P. Hits Illinois as Top Example," Vote Records Back in File -- But Too Late.

November 30, 1960: Kennedy May not Get Illinois' Electoral Votes, Governor Says

The Illinois state electoral board may not give the state's 27 electoral votes to Sen. Kennedy, Gov. Stratton (R) said today. He criticized "downright fraud and graft in Chicago" during the Nov. 8 balloting. Nixon lost the state by fewer than 9,000 votes out of more than 4,750,000 cast. The state board recessed without setting a date to meet again because it has not gotten voting information from Cook County. The governor said there was an intentional "slowdown" in Democratic-controlled county. "There's no question that they are stalling in Chicago. It's dastardly to steal a man's vote -- and that's what has been happening," the governor said. "It's flagrant." The governor also described "widespread disregard of laws, state and federal," during the voting. The board may keep the state's electoral votes from going to either candidate.

The State's Attorney, Benjamin Adamowski said the Democratic organization in Chicago stole 100,000 or more votes. "Speaking with bitter words at a press conference, Adamowski in effect charged that the Democratic machine headed by Daley as his party's county chairman virtually 'stole' the White House for Sen. John F. Kennedy," according to the Chicago Daily Tribune.

"He insisted that, in one phase f the operation, enough legitimate Republican voters were deprived of their voting right by the mysterious disappearance of their names from precinct polling place binders to shift Illinois from Vice President Nixon to Kennedy. ...

"When the manipulation of a political machine is used as a vehicle to take over the White House it is a sad day in American politics," Adamowski said.

In Cuba, Manuel Fajardo, personal physician to Fidel Castro, was killed in fighting with rebels in the Escambray mountains, it was reported today.

November 29, 1960: Lumumba Missing, Espionage Ring, Integration Battles

In Leopoldville, the Congo, the UN said it did not know the whereabouts of Patrice Lumumba, the deposed premier. The UN command said his escape from a guarded residence was not its fault. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union said the UN had t o withdraw its troops from the Congo.

The government charged a psychiatrist with being tied to an espionage. Robert Soblen, who was charged, is the brother of imprisoned Soviet spy, Jack Soble. The two use different spellings of their name. The government charged Soblen with trying to pass defense secrets to the Soviet Union.

In New Orleans there were scuffles at schools as integrationists fought with anti-integrationists. And in Austin a bomb went off outside a building where the University of Texas Religious Council was discussing the integration of campus restaurants.

November 28, 1960: British - Soviet Confrontation at the UN

At the United Nations, the British Minister of State "denounced Soviet colonialism ... and said that the Russians were 'the greatest oppressors of our day,' according to a story prepared for publication tomorrow in the New York Times. "Replying to a Soviet demand that the General Assembly call for independence 'forthwith' for all colonies and trust territories, Mr. Orsby-Gore contrasted the Soviet Union's record with Britain's granting of independence to 500,000,000 people in former subject territories since 1939. Valerian Z. Zorin, chairman of the Soviet delegation, and other Soviet-bloc delegates shouted and beat on their desks in protest against the British counter-attack."

In Caracas, Venezuela, "President Romulo Betancourt suspended constitutional guarantees throughout Venezuela today and called out the army to maintain order," according to a story prepared for tomorrow's New York Times. "Senor Betancourt said that violence was being instigated by extremist elements that wish to overthrow his government and 'establish a regime here like that of Cuba.'"

In Havana "Premier Fidel Castro expressed the hope ... that President-elect John Kennedy would decide that the Eisenhower policy toward Cuba must be changed. He predicted that if the United States attacked the island it would mean 'suicide for Yankee imperialism,'" according to a story for tomorrow's edition of the New York Times.

November 27, 1960: Bomber Suspect Identified, Desegregation Bad for Business in New Orleans

"A dynamite and blasting-power watchman for a construction company was questioned yesterday and early today about the recent series of Sunday and holiday bombings" in New York City, according to an article prepared for publication tomorrow in the New York Times. "Detectives described him as a 'red-hot suspect.'"

In New Orleans, federally-imposed desegregation was said to be causing a business downturn, with declines reported in department store sales, in restaurant receipts and elsewhere.

In Cuba, Castro attacked the Roman Catholic clergy in his country as "counter-revolutionists."

November 26, 1960: Editorial Foresees Constitutional Crisis if Nixon Wins Illinois

If the general counsel of the Republican National Committee, Meade Alcorn, is right in predicting that Illinois’ twenty-seven electoral votes will wind up in the Nixon column, the nation will be facing the most serious predicament in its Presidential history since the Hayes-Tilden battle of 1876-77,” said the lead editorial in the New York Times on this day in 1960.

“Mr. Alcorn’s statement was based on the charge that the apparent Democratic margin of over 300,000 in Cook County was fraudulently achieved, and that an honest count would reduce its sufficiently to wipe out the unofficial state-wide majority of 8,200 for Senator Kennedy (out of a total of 4,750,000), thus giving Illinois to the Vice President.

“In that event, Mr. Kennedy’s electoral vote would drop to 273, only four above the requisite minimum of 269. This is no doubt that feverish attempts would than be made to prove fraud or error in others of the extremely close states won by Mr. Kennedy such as New Jersey (with 16 electoral votes), New Mexico (4), South Carolina (8), even Texas (24). The Democrats would probably try to prove that Mr. Kennedy had really won Hawaii (3) and Alaska (3), both now attributed to Mr. Nixon by miniscule margins, and perhaps even California (32).

“Looming over all this confusion would be the hard fact that Mississippi’s eight electors are unpledged to either candidate, as are six of Alabama’s. These electors, plus other like-minded ones, might actually hold the balance of power in a showdown, throwing the election into the House, where Mr. Kennedy would almost surely win, anyway.

“For the good of the country we hope that such a train of events does not develop. Its very possibility is an excellent argument for reform of the electoral system. In any event it is now imperative that the results in each state be definitively settled by the time the electoral college meets on Dec. 19 so that there can be no shadow of doubt about the validity of the respective electors’ choice. It is of supreme importance that the country be satisfied that the list of electors chosen in each state actually does represent the will of the majority of voters in that state.

“Fraud in an election is one of the basic crimes against democracy; yet there unfortunately is always danger of fraud, especially when an election is as close as this one. We would hazard the guess that if there has been fraud, it has been confined neither to one state nor to one political party. Neither candidate would have wished to benefit by fraud and it is to the interest of both candidates, as well as of vital importance to the country as a whole, that any electoral fraud be exposed and punished. But if it is to be done, it must be done quickly. Any doubt or uncertainty about the election arising from the charges and accusations that have been made can only be harmful to the best interests of the United States.”

November 25, 1960: A Republican Southern Strategy

“Given his assumption about the crucial importance of being ‘modern’ enough to capture the Eastern States, Nixon need apologize to no one for the campaign he waged. But it was the assumption itself which was his downfall and which has been the perpetual undoing of the Republican Party,” the National Review said today.

“The question becomes: Can the Republicans, sans Ike, or something like him, win a presidential election at all?

“A review of the electoral tally sheet suggests that the answer is ‘yes’ – that there is available an alternative strategy which, although by no means certain of victory, is at least more promising than the theory on which the GOP has been operating….

“This strategy does not depend for its success on the theory that angry conservatives stay home on election day and that, given a ‘real choice,’ will materialize en masse at the voting booth. …

“The alternative here suggested is founded on more realistic considerations – namely, the actual performance of the electorate on Tuesday, November 8. That showing reveals it would be quite possible to combine the reliably conservative areas of the United States – the Midwest, the Mountain States and the South – into an Electoral College majority.”

November 24, 1960: Chinese Communists Get Support from Latin American Nations

“Well informed sources reported today that in the current Communist party discussions here [Moscow] Liu Shaochi, the Chinese Communist Chief of state, had found surprising support among Latin-American delegations, as well as North Korea, Indonesian and Albanian,” New York Times reporter Seymour Topping wrote in a story for publication tomorrow. “The leaders of about eighty five Communist parties are conducting the discussions.

“The Latin-American delegations have listened sympathetically to Chinese Communist arguments for a more militant international program for achieving world communism

“They include Argentina, Venezuela, Columbia, Uruguay and Chile.

“Mr. Liu spoke Tuesday for four hours and was critical of certain facets of Soviet policy that have been identified with Premier Khrushchev.

“It is understood, however, that Mr. Khrushchev has retained majority support, especially among the European parties, for his policy of peaceful coexistence.

“This is a program for establishing Communist world supremacy through political, economic and psychological attraction without resorting necessarily to the ignition of revolutionary or international war.”

November 23, 1960: Illinois Recount 'A Very Serious Thing,' Lawyer for Democrats Says

These stories were prepared for publication tomorrow on the front page of the New York Times:

"Meade Alcorn, general counsel of the Republican National Committee, said today he had 'no doubt' the twenty seven electoral votes of Illinois could be counted for Vice President Nixon when an investigation was completed in the heavity Democratic Cook County.

"Mr. Alcorn's statement was made before the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners proclaimed the city's Presidential returns 'official' late today.

"What effect, if any, this would have on a vigorous Republican movement for an investigation and recount in Cook County was not clear tonight. The board's decision was made without the consent of its lone Republican member, Mrs. Marie Suthers.

"The recount movement and the narrow margin by which Senator John F. Kennedy apparently won Illinois led Mr. Alcorn to make his statement. Meanwhile, another high republican official indicated that if Illinois should swing to Mr. Nixon, the Republicans might go all out to reverse the apparent Electoral College victory of Senator John F. Kennedy over Mr. Nixon. Without Illinois in his column Mr. Kennedy would have 273 electoral votes, four more than the necessary majority of 269....

"James Duffy, Democratic counsel of the Senate Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections, said of the Illinois situation: "It's a very serious thing out there." He has just returned from an on-the-spot check in Chicago and felt that the Republican effort should not be taken lightly.

"Mr. Duffy said a Nixon recount committee had accumulated a $100,000 fund to finance its efforts.

"The State and Defense Departments have agreed on a proposal to create a nuclear-armed strategic force under direct command of the North Atlantic Treat Organization."

"The United Nations alerted its armored cars tonight following unexplained activity by the Congolese Army on the capital's western outskirts."

"The Soviet Union demanded today that the world Communist movement unite solidly behind Premier Khrushchev's doctrine of peaceful coexistence and of the possibility of achieving victory over capitalism without a world war."

"President-elect John F. Kennedy returned here [Washington] tonight to spend Thanksgiving Day with this family. The Kennedys will have their turkey dinner at mid-day with three or four guests, whose names have not been disclosed. There will be a birthday cake for the Kennedy's daughter, Caroline, who will be 3 years old Sunday."

"The United States launched its second weather-eye satellite today. For the first time, information obtained from a satellite is to be used for actual forecasting of the weather, ushering in a new era in meteorology."

November 22, 1960: Election Judges in Illinois to be Called to Account for Voting Irregularities, Election Night TV Reporting Called 'Nonsense'

In Chicago the city's canvassing board ordered 460 election judges to appear for questioning about alleged errors in counting votes in the presidential election. The board consists of three election commissioners, the county judge and the city's corporation counsel. Republican leaders in the state are trying to overturn the election results, which gave Illinois' electoral votes to Sen. Kennedy. The election judges are to be given citations beginning on the 24th. They will have to explain contradictions in voting machine numbers with what they reported election night.

An Article prepared for publication tomorrow in the Chicago Daily Tribune says, "The Republicans contend the 'errors' they have discovered bolster their claims that the Democrats stole Illinois' 27 electoral votes from Vice President Nixon ..."

In an editorial prepared for publication tomorrow, the Tribune's editors write, "The transfer of California to the Nixon column provides another reminder of how close the election was. Kennedy was the popular choice by fewer than 200,000 votes and at this writing he has only 31 more votes in the electoral college than he needs to be declared the winner.

"That isn't the way the story was told to the American people by the radio and television chains on election night. By 11 o'clock or thereabouts they were confident of the result. Kennedy was holding a lead of 2,000,000 popular votes and was even farther ahead in the electoral lineup.

"The broadcasters were especially pleased with the work of their computing machines. One pundit reported periodically how wonderful his apparatus had served the nation, for from the very beginning it had forecast a division of about 52-48 and this division was holding true hour after hour. The inference was that these percentages would hold true when all the ballots had been counted. At one point early in the evening, we were told that the odds favoring Kennedy were 200 to 1.

"This was nonsense and should have been recognized as such by every intelligent listener. If, as the raw returns poured in, it had been possible to tell the machine not only what county the figures were from, but what part of what township in what county, a computing machine might have made a rapid projection of the significance of the counted vote. But that isn't the way returns come in. They are mixed into an aggregate by the time the machine gets them and they are therefore almost meaningless for purposes of prediction. ...

"We have no doubt that the electronic calculators can have a value in predicting final election results when returns are far from complete, but it is obvious that the present use of the machines is little better than silly.

"It's odd how easily people can be taken in by what they see and hear on television. No on in his right mind should have been fooled by the quiz shows that were eventually exposed as frauds, but pretty nearly everybody was fooled. We all know smart people, with encyclopedic minds, but none of us has ever known a memory that can reproduce, on demand, with only the slightest hesitation, the contents of the almanac and a detailed history of the world.

"We live and learn; or do we?"

The UN today approved the US-backed candidate for Congo representative. The US and other Western Powers joined with most of the African members of the French Community in backing a delegation headed by President Joseph Kasavubu. The Soviet bloc, Ghana, Guinea, India and other African and Asian countries backed Patrice Lumumba. Kasavuba deposed Lumumba as premier last September. This will make it hard to Lumumba to regain power.

In Cuba the government disputed reports that the Soviet Union had urged moderation on Castro's dealings with the US. The government also denied that the Kremlin had told Cuba to stop "rattling Soviet rockets."

November 21, 1960: Court Action on Alleged Vote Fraud in Illinois, Failure at Cape Canaveral Might Lose US Space Race

In Illinois more than 400 election judges are to be asked about major discrepancies in vote counting that lead to Sen. Kennedy receiving up to 100 too many votes in some precincts. The legal action is to be filed before the Chicago city board of election commissioners tomorrow as part of a Republican effort to recover the state's 27 electoral votes for Vice President Nixon. The Chicago Daily Tribune cited these examples for the story it will run in tomorrow's edition:

"In one Thornton township precinct, the voting machine registered 290 ballots for Kennedy and 71 for Nixon. The election judges reported in their statement of votes that Kennedy had received 390 votes to Nixon's 71.

"In a Stickney township precinct, the voting machine registered 268 votes for Nixon, 249 for Kennedy. The report of election judges gave Kennedy 299 votes. Nixon was credited with only 218."

The paper also reports: "Reportedly, more than a score of such examples have been uncovered in suburban precincts while similar irregularities have been discovered in more than 70 precincts in Chicago. Republicans claim that these irregularities constitute wholesale theft of votes."

Nixon lost Illinois to Kennedy by 9,365 votes.

Republicans are seeking partial recounts in Illinois and New Jersey. If both states went to Nixon, neither candidate would have a majority of electoral votes. "That wold put 14 un-pledged electors in Mississippi and Alabama in a position to decide the election. If they failed to put either candidate over, it would be up to the House of Representatives to settle things," the Tribune reports.

The G.O.P. has also asked that Texas ballots be impounded, alleging large-scale fraud.

From Cape Canaveral, Fla., the New York Times prepared this story for the front page of tomorrow's edition: "The United States' hopes of rocketing a man into space early next year were dealt a crushing blow today by the third straight failure of an unmanned space capsule launching.

"One official said that the failure might have cost this nation its last chance to beat the Soviet Union in the race to send the first man aloft. Soviet scientists are believed putting every effort into sending a man into orbit within a few months.

Also today, Norman Mailer was arrested and accused of stabbing his wife, Adele. She was in critical condition at a New York City hospital. One wound was near her heart. Mailer, 37, was also arrested a week ago for disorderly conduct after an argument over a $7.60 bill at the Birdland nightclub.

October 20, 1960: Labor Urging Liberal Program on Kennedy, Conservatives in House Could Block Legislation

In stories written today for the New York Times and scheduled for publication tomorrow:

"Labor will urge President-elect John F. Kennedy this week not to let the narrowness of his election victory deter him from moving ahead at full speed on a liberal program."

"The strengthened conservative coalition will be a force to be reckoned with in the New House of Representatives, according to the chief Republican strategist of the two-party alliance."

"Five representatives of the Louisiana State Government demanded of President-elect John F. Kennedy today a clear cut stand on future Federal policies toward judicially enforced racial integration of public schools."

"Many United States diplomats who planned to return home on leave or move to new posts early next year have been told to unpack their suitcases. In a major economy move, the State Department has ordered a drastic cutback in all but the most essential travel by its Foreign Service officers."

"A group of United States Embassy personnel narrowly escaped being lynched by an infuriated African crowd [in the Congo] this morning after their auto had knocked down and killed a Congolese man."

"Development work has begun on an infra-red homing device to navigate American space probes during the final stages of their flights toward Mars and Venus. The initial probes to the vicinity of these planets are planned for 1962."

And C.L. Sulzberger wrote from Paris for an opinion column: "The incoming Administration comes face to face with one of its gravest foreign policy problems tomorrow. In the United States, M. Spaak, NATO's Secretary General, will brief President-elect Kennedy on a new plan to turn the alliance itself into an independent nuclear power. Simultaneously General Norstad, author of the plan, will brief Vice President-elect Johnson on the same subject at a meeting of Allied parliamentarians.

"The purpose of these talks is to secure the support of our next Government for this revolutionary idea so that the outgoing Eisenhower Administration can endorse it in principle at NATO's December ministerial meeting in Paris."

November 19, 1960: China Close to Getting Atom Bomb, Charges That Kennedy Fraud Could Cost Him Presidency

Communist China will explode its first atomic bomb late next year, according to the Sunday Times of London.

An editorial prepared today for tomorrow's edition of the Chicago Sunday Tribune says: "Even now, days after the election, the margin of [Kennedy's] supposed victory is clouded, and, if the allegations of wholesale fraud brought against his machine supporters in several key states should be sustained in investigations now in progress, the amazing result might be that Kennedy will still find himself a United States senator and nothing more.

"The eyelash margin credited to the Democratic candidate in the popular vote and the wobbly total chalked up for him in electoral votes, as well as the apparent fact that Mr. Nixon carried more states, have sufficed to instruct the unusually self-confident Mr. Kennedy that it is prudent to adopt a muted tone in discussing past results and future plans."

Recent radio broadcasts from Communist China, North Korea, North Vietnam and Albania have predicted that the new administration in Washington would continue the "imperialist" policy of President Eisenhower. But broadcasts from the Soviet Union and some of its satellites left open the possibility of a policy change "toward peace."

The Air Force is working on a satellite able to kill enemy vehicles in space, Aviation Week reported. It will be launched in two years, the report said.

In Detroit today an experiment in traffic control was announced. Expressway traffic will be studied using television. Fourteen cameras are being installed along 3.2 miles of freeway.

Heading the New York Times' fiction best seller list are: Hawaii, Advise and Consent, The Leopard and To Kill a Mockingbird.

Under the dateline, "Jerusalem (Israeli Sector)," Lawrence Fellows wrote for the New York Times in a story for publication tomorrow: "The United States has begun to bring renewed pressure on Israel and the Arab states to end their simmering twelve-year old dispute, diplomatic sources reported here today."

A presidential commission today called for the government to take a bigger role in supporting and improving scientific research and education at the nation's universities.


At the United Nations today the Soviet Union and Rumania engaged in sustained verbal assaults on U.S. policy in The Congo, charging collusion with former Belgian leaders and seeking to destroy the country's independence and territorial integrity.

November 18, 1960: Soviet Union Urges Cuba to Stop 'Rattling Soviet Rockets' at US; Che Guevara Courts Peiping

The Soviet Union has "told the Cubans to quite rattling Soviet rockets against the United States and has warned them that Moscow's relations with Washington, especially with the new Administration of President-elect John F. Kennedy, counted for more in the Kremlin than the Cuban problem as such," New York Times reporter Max Frankel wrote in a story prepared for publication tomorrow. "There are indications that this advice has not been entirely ignored. ...

"On Nov. 8, as the election returns were being tallied in the United States, Premier Castro told the Cuban people that they must defend themselves and not go to sleep with the comfortable knowledge that Soviet rockets would rain upon the United States following any attack on Cuba," the Times reported. ...

"A number of prominent officials in the Castro Government and in the Communist party here [Havana] are known to prefer the more strongly anti-United States and more boldly revolutionary doctrines of the Communist Chinese to Moscow's version of 'peaceful coexistence.' Major Enersto Guevara [director of Cuba's National Bank] is frequently counted among these," Frankel wrote. Guevara is currently in China seeking aid and is also visiting Moscow.

Also today the State Department said the Castro government had received at least 28,000 tons of Soviet arms since January 1959. They include 45,000 Czech automatic rifles, sixty anti-tank guns and eight MIG jet fighters. Castro "has created and armed a military force ten times the size of that of ex-President Fulgencio Batista and far larger than any army in Latin America," the State Department said.

In Peiping Premier Chou-En-lai criticized the United States decision to move Naval ships into place to protect Guatemala and Nicaragua as "brazen." He also said the United States was attempting to "threaten Cuba further by force of arms." Meanwhile, Guatemala and Nicaragua considered invoking the Rio treaty, which allows them to ask members of the Organization of American States to come to their defense, in response to security threats from Cuba.

In Laos, the neutralist government has reportedly decided to form a coalition Cabinet that will include the pro-Communist party.

In the Congo the Army regime threatened force to halt a UN conciliation commission from visiting the country. The regime also broke relations with Ghana.

The Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke said he would retire in August, when his term expires.

November 17, 1960: Navy Ordered to Protect Guatemala and Nicaragua From Red Attack, Telephone 'Magic Service' Offered in Illinois

U.S. Navy ships were ordered to patrol Central American waters against a possible Communist-led invasion of Guatemala or Nicaragua. The destroyers and carrier-based aircraft were ordered to shoot to prevent an invasion. The State Department told reporters that Cuba's Fidel Castro, supplied with Communist arms, might try to export his revolution. The Cuban government called the U.S. move "Yankee intervention" and said it was the first step in a plan to attack Cuba. "It is believed that the spectacular decision of the White House is part of the plan of provocation against Cuba being carried out by the Pentagon," the newspaper La Calle said.

The neutralist government of Laos said it will establish close relations with Communist China and send goodwill missions to North Vietnam.

In Morris, Illinois, the first electronic central office telephone system was dedicated today. The $25,000,000 American Telephone & Telegraph Company project was described as a major scientific breakthrough, a Cold War victory and "one of the most massive single research and development projects ever sponsored by private enterprise." With the new "bird-dogging" ECO system, a housewife will be able to have her phone calls transferred to her friend's house next door when she visits for coffee. A report prepared for publication tomorrow said that at the time of the demonstration, "sixty-two special telephones around town were sounding off with a beep vaguely resembling the sound of an oboe instead of ringing in the time-honored fashion.

"Of these 62 special phones, fifteen could produce two or three of the 'magic services' for which the system was designed. ... Illinois Bell has 4,500 customers and hopes eventually to have 600 'magic service customers.' Mrs. Alyce Taraba, chief operator for dial service, today made personal calls on the 'magic service' customers and explained the new system. She also left a pocket-size card for those with poor memories and minimal mechanical ability. ... Roswel C. Hyde, a Federal Communications Commission commissioner, said at the ceremony that the experiment was a 'political milestone' in the struggle for world leadership."

Also today, this report on "electronic aids" was prepared for tomorrow's edition of the New York Times: "New advances in physics research that raise the possibility of a whole new family of electronic devices were made public yesterday. The devices foreseen from the research would be able to perform many of the electronic functions of conventional vacuum tubes and transistors. They would have important advantages in versatility, extremely small size, simplicity, ease and economy of manufacture.

"The basic purpose of such devices would be the control and regulation of electric impulses. Potential applications are seen in the fields of radar, computers and similar complex systems. At a news conference yesterday, Dr. Guy Suits, vice president and director of research of General Electric Company, said the advances constituted 'an important scientific discovery' that also had 'raised the clear possibility of a whole new family of electronic devices.'

"The research has linked two rather exotic fields of physics -- one concerned with superconductivity and the other with the electronic process called 'tunneling.'"

November 16, 1960: Nixon Wins California Vote, Eisenhower Orders Big Cuts

Vice President Nixon won California in the presidential vote that took place earlier this month, it was announced today. A count of absentee ballots reversed Kennedy's lead and gave the state's 32 electoral votes to Nixon. The absentee votes were 132,168 for Nixon and 84,458 to Kennedy. The overall count was 3,219,211 for Nixon, 3,206,051 for Kennedy.

The outcome in California will not reverse Kennedy's lock on the presidency. With California, Nixon has 223 electoral votes and Kennedy 300. The minimum needed to win the presidency is 269. In Illinois the latest vote count gave Kennedy a lead of 6,397. Nixon carried all of Illinois, except for Cook County, which includes Chicago.

President Eisenhower today ordered the government to cut is foreign spending to stem the drain on US gold reserves caused by the increasing deficit in the balance of payments. If left unchecked the balance of payments deficit could weaken the dollar, Eisenhower said. Much of the savings will come by reducing the number of military dependents living abroad, mostly in Europe and Japan.

France will vote next year on President de Gaulle's plan to let Algerians decide if they want independence from France.

In New Orleans some 2,000 young people rioted. The riots were a protest against school integration. A number of Negroes were attacked by whites. As the violence continued, Negroes were reported to be throwing bricks and bottles at passing cars and busses.

Clark Gable died tonight. He was 59.

November 15, 1960: Kennedy's Popular Vote Margin Dwindles, Thermonuclear Missiles Go to Sea

President-elect Kennedy lost ground to Vice President Nixon today in the popular vote for president. Kennedy's lead narrowed to 240,399 votes, out of 67 million cast. Kennedy will be the third president in the 20th Century to receive less than 50 percent of the total votes cast, after Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman. In California, Kennedy's lead dropped to 14,453. The state with the narrowest margin is Hawaii, where Nixon won by 141 votes. Nixon received more votes than any other losing candidate ever had. In Illinois, Republican leaders said they would hold a conference on how to prove that Kennedy lost the state's vote. "Although the State Electoral Board awarded Illinois' twenty-seven electoral votes yesterday to the Democrat, Mrs. C. Wayland Brooks, Republican national acommitteewoman from Illinois, said she was encountering strong sentiments against dropping the matter," said a New York Times story prepared for publication tomorrow. "She said numerous state senators had urged her to 'keep going.'" The Navy's first submarine armed with thermonuclear missiles went on regular patrol today. The $11 million, nuclear-powered George Washington, equipped with 16 Polaris missiles, was said to open a new era in warfare. "the George Washington and her following sister ships possess a power and relative invulnerability which will make suicidal any attempt by an aggressor to attack the free world by surprise," President Eisenhower said. Admiral Arleigh Burke, chief of Naval Operations, said to the crew, "your ship and the missiles it carries will contribute to the salvation of civilization, for you man the most powerful weapons system ever devised." By 1965 the Navy hopes to have 45 Polaris subs.


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November 14, 1960: California tilting toward Nixon, Kennedy May Seek Unity Government

Vice President Nixon gained ground against Sen. Kennedy in California today. In the count of absentee votes, 60 percent were going to Nixon, who is now behind by 24,091 votes. California's 32 electoral votes would not be enough to swing the election to Nixon. Kennedy gained ground in Illinois, increasing his margin to 6,397 votes. Republicans are pushing for a recount in the Democratic wards of Chicago, where, they charge, 100,000 votes were stolen for Kennedy. In the nationwide popular vote, Kennedy has a lead of 268,871. Sen. Kennedy may be seeking a government of national unity after his narrow electoral victory. But Kennedy offered no official position to Nixon when the two met for an hour today in Key Biscayne, Florida, at Kennedy's urging. Kennedy, however, may be considering other Republicans for his administration. In New Orleans two white schools were integrated as federal deputy marshals escorted four Negro girls to class, through angry white crowds. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court decided today that a state cannot change a city's boundaries to exclude all Negro voters. An Air Force plane today caught a capsule in mid-air after it was ejected from an orbiting satellite and parachuted to earth. Nixon could have won the presidency if he had denounced anti-Catholic bigotry, sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset said today. Nixon "would have held the bigot vote anyway, and he would have won anti-bigot votes," Lipset said.


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November 13, 1960: Indochina Instability Analyzed, Louisiana Desegregation Impasse, JFK and Nixon to Meet in Florida

"The tensions, and instability that afflict the Indochina peninsula were exemplified anew Friday when army units revolted at Saigon against the South Vietnam Government of President Ngo Dinh Diem," the New York Times reported today. "The attempted coup came three months after a similar army uprising at Vientiane overturned the Government of Laos. ...

"The Saigon insurgents maintained their aim was not to change President Ngo Dinh Diem's policy of all-out opposition to the Communist menace in South Vietnam or to modify the republic's close relations with the United States and other powers opposed to communism. They said they objected to certain characteristics of the Ngo Dinh Diem regime and simply wished to replace it with a Government that would be more popular and effective. ...

"A Roman Catholic, Ngo Dinh Diem has directed a Government that has been remarkably effective and competent considering the manifold problems it has faced. ... Ngo Dinh Diem is widely respected, but he has never had mass popularity because of his aloof nature."

The article gives evidence that his family has benefitted financially from his service and adds that Diem "exercised a strict control of the press and political activities and manipulated elections so that the National Assembly was largely a rubber-stamp body. ...

"The Communists have a considerable political following in the South. Somme South Vietnamese accept the Communist line that they are the true nationalists of the country and that the Ngo Dinh Diem regime relies too much on the United States to be truly independent."

The Louisiana legislature, in special session, blocked desegregation of the state's public schools today. But a federal court judge the state from blocking school integration.

President-elect Kennedy will meet tomorrow with Vice President Nixon in Florida, where both are vacationing. Kennedy will come to Key Biscayne, where Nixon is staying.

In California, election officials began counting 220,000 absentee ballots.

Republican National Committee Chairman Thruston Morton said today that the eleven-state vote recount he requested would not overturn Kennedy's election. But any irregularities "should be fully explored and investigated," he said.

November 12, 1960: President Eisenhower Following Events in Southeast Asia

"President Eisenhower and his foreign policy aides followed closely today the reports of ferment in South Vietnam and Laos," the New York Times reported on this day in 1960. "Reports of a military coup in Saigon directed at the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem caused deep concern. It was feared that the military action might pave the way to a Communist-sponsored move to take over non-Communist South Vietnam. ...

"There was no immediate comment from the State Department on late reports from Saigon that the revolt against President Ngo Dinh Diem had apparently been crushed. Earlier today, however, the department had issued a statement that said 'it appears clear that the present action 'against the President 'is not Communist-inspired.' ...

"Guerrilla units believed to be loyal to the Ho Chi Minh Government in North Vietnam have become increasingly active in the south. ... There was concern here [Washington] about reports from Laos, where army forces loyal to strongly anti-Communist elements have seized control of the city of Luang Prabgng, the royal capital.

"This action was taken as evidence of growing discontent among royal Laotian Army units against the neutralist policy of Prince Souvana Phouma, the Premier. The Premier has been trying to negotiate a true with the Communist-oriented Pathet Lao movement which as demanded participation in the Government."

In a separate story in today's edition, headlined "Upheavals in Vietnam and Laos Have Roots in Indochina War; Conflict that Freed Nations From France Also Bred Opposition Forces," a news story with no byline explains the background to the current outbreak of fighting.

Today the coup attempt against President Diem ended.

The United States Air Fforce today put the Discoverer XVII military satellite into a polar orbit about the Earth. It was circling the planet once every 96 minutes.

The House Democratic leadership may remove a Mississippi representative from the Rules Committee to "to break a potentially troublesome bottleneck for President-elect John F. Kennedy's legislative program," according to a story prepared for publication tomorrow in the Times.

In New Orleans a state official cancelled school for Monday to prevent desegregation.

It was "a miracle" that Sen. John F. Kennedy was elected president, one of his chief strategists said today. The Democratic victory was due to serious mistakes by Vice President Nixon, including not concentrating on the industrial Northern states.

"George W. Milias, California vice chairman of the Nixon Lodge Campaign Committee, contended ... that the results of the national election were still 'inconclusive,'" according to a Times story prepared for publication tomorrow.

November 11, 1960: Republican Official Asks for Multi-State Vote Recount, Nixon Distances Himself from Effort

Republican National Committee Chairman Thruston Morton today asked party officials in Delaware, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Texas to take legal action leading to vote recounts. Nixon would need 51 electoral votes from these states as well as a victory in California, where votes continued to be counted.

Vice President Nixon distanced himself from the recount drive, saying he had abandoned his attempt to win the presidency. He said he knew nothing of Morton's actions. Nixon was in Florida with his family, traveling to Key Biscayne. Nixon press spokesman Herbert Klein said "We ran a race, the votes have been cast and we accept the decision," adding that there was only "a mathematical possibility" of victory.

President-elect Kennedy was also vacationing in Florida, where he said he would work to achieve controlled disarmament.

Meanwhile, Mississippi's eight unpledged electors decided to use their votes to try and block the election of Sen. John F. Kennedy. They said they would vote for neither Kennedy nor Nixon. "At the moment the vote in two large states is so close that we still cherish the hope that we might yet succeed in the great cause for constitutional government," said Governor Ross Barnett, referring to California and Illinois. If Kennedy were to lose Illinois and California he would have 273 electoral votes, four more than needed for election.

"Any southern state then joining Mississippi in casting its electoral votes for a third man would block the election and throw it into the House, where each state gets one vote," the Associated Press wrote in a story to be distributed tomorrow. "Five of Alabama's electors are pledged to Senator Kennedy and six are unpledged. ... The Governor asked electors of other southern states, some of whom are not bound by law to support the party nominee, 'to reappraise their positions with the full knowledge that they have it within their power to join with us and save their people from imminent social and economic chaos.' ...

"The unpledged electors hoped the election would be so close that no candidate could win without Mississippi's help. They would then trade their votes for civil rights concessions, or work for the election of a compromise candidate."

Kennedy added 8,000 votes to his lead over Nixon in the popular vote. Kennedy is now ahead by 278,832 votes out of 66,975,626 counted, or 50.2 percent of the votes cast for the two major parties. "Though the popular vote was almost even, and still could conceivably shift to Mr. Nixon, the vice president's chances of capturing a majority of the electoral college still seemed remote," a New York Times story prepared for publication tomorrow said.

"The Associated Press tabulation showed [Kennedy] had unofficially carried 22 states with 300 electoral votes, 31 more than than he needed to win. Moreover, Mr. Kennedy still led by a reed-slim margin in California, with 32 electoral votes. ... In Missouri Senator Kennedy's lead dwindled to 22,175 votes ... with all but five of the state's 4,371 precincts counted.

"The unofficial tally was 925,081 for Senator Kennedy and 902,906 for Mr. Nixon. The counting of the absentee votes began yesterday in some counties but was not expected to be completed until next week. ... [T]he state Republican chairman said it was conceivable that the absentee count might give the state to Mr. Nixon. In ... Illinois, latest returns indicated that Mr. Kennedy would probably hold a lead of about 6,000 over Mr. Nixon. Of only 13 precincts that have not yet reported, 11 ware in Chicago, where Mr. Kennedy's vote was heaviest."

In St. Louis, the local chapter of the Missouri Restaurant Association approved the serving of Negro customers.

In New Orleans plans were advanced by two days for a special session of the legislature to block school integration.

In Alabama, the state attorney general defied a federal court order and refused to surrender voting records to "the civil rights mob in Washington."

In South Vietnam the rebellion against President Ngo Diem collapsed after heavy fighting.

In Leopoldville, the Congo, United Nations troops opened fire in the face of rioting over the Army's arrest of Cleophas Kamitau, a supporter of deposed Premier Patrice Lumumba.

In Laos, a key army officer abandoned the neutralist government and shifted his loyalties to the pro-Western Rightists.

In Algeria, thousands of young men who favored a "French Algeria" fought with police.

October 10, 1960: Kennedy will Retain Dulles at CIA and Hoover at FBI, Republicans Split on Whether to Challenge Balloting, Coup Reported in Vietnam

President-elect John F. Kennedy said today he would retain Allen Dulles as head of the CIA. Dulles has served every president since Woodrow Wilson. Kennedy also pledged to retain J. Edgar Hoover as head of the FBI. In Austin, Texas, Vice President-elect Lyndon Johnson, still dressed in a bathrobe after rising late, conferred by telephone with Kennedy and Democratic leaders from his fourth-floor suite at the Driskill Hotel.

The head of the Republican National Committee, Thruston Morton, said he did not share the opinion of some that investigations into reports of voting fraud could lead to a reversal of the election outcome. "I personally know of now fraud and I am sure that Senator Kennedy does not." However, a RNC spokesman said earlier that complaints of fraud had been received, mostly from Illinois, Texas, the Carolinas, Michigan and New Jersey.

In Chicago, the US Attorney's office announced it would convene a grand jury to hear complaints of fraud in five Chicago wards. Reporting on on the announcement, the Associated Press would report, "There are those in the Nixon camp who -- far from conceding Illinois to Mr. Kennedy -- contend Vice President Nixon will be proved the victor."

In California, Kennedy retained his lead as votes continued to be counted. His margin was 37,146 out of 6,250,000 votes cast, excluding absentee ballots, which have yet to be counted. As many as 200,000 voters requested absentee ballots. Benjamin Hite, the Los Angeles County registrar said, "Personally, it is rather hard for me to believe that the absentee returns can overcome the Kennedy lead."

Meanwhile, Hawaii's three electoral votes were put in the Republican column and Nixon widened his small lead in vote counting in Alaska, which has three electoral votes.

The New York Times prepared a report for tomorrow's edition summing up the fluid situation by saying, "The closeness of the vote in many states led some Republicans yesterday to musing about recounts and the possibility of changing the result. But it would take a wholly unlikely combination of accidents ro reduce Senator Kennedy's electoral-vote total below the majority of 269. The result will be official Dec. 19, when the Presidential electors meet in their respective state capitals."

There was an attempted military coup today in South Vietnam. Five battalions of the South Vietnamese army staged the uprising and a Military Revolutionary Committee said it had overthrown the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem. President Diem's palace guard put up stiff resistance. The fate of President Diem was unknown. Diem, who has been battling the Communists, has strong backing from the United States.

In Bonn, West Germany, Chancellor Adenauer proposed a meeting between Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev "to achieve a rapprochement." Adenauer conceives of the meeting as a preliminary to a summit between leaders of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union.

At the United Nations a General Assembly committee recommended seating a Congolese delegation headed by President Joseph Kasavubu.

In New Orleans, Louisiana governor Jimmie Davis called a special legislative session. Davis want to block the desegregation of public schools.

In a northern suburb of Paris Algerian terrorists used sub-machine guns to shoot up a crowded cafe. They killed seven and wounded an eighth.

November 9, 1960: It's Kennedy By the Slimmest of Margins

The presidential vote count this evening gave Sen. John F. Kennedy 300 electoral votes, 31 more than the 269 needed to win. Vice President Richard Nixon had 185. Another 52 electoral votes had not yet been awarded.

In the popular vote, Kennedy was leading by about 300,000 out of 66 million votes cast, a plurality of less than one half of one percent, the smallest since 1880. Democrats retained their control of the House and Senate.

Illinois was one of the key states that went for Kennedy. Nixon was ahead in the state in late balloting until "a last batch of Chicago votes was produced for Mr. Kennedy," as the New York Times would report tomorrow.

Kennedy won by about 6,000 votes in Illinois, 22,000 in New Jersey, 60,000 in Texas and 65,000 in Michigan.

in the voting Kennedy took an early lead, which diminished as vote counting continued and at one point "it seemed as if concessions and claims of a victory for Senator John F. Kennedy might have to be withdrawn," The New York Times reports tomorrow.

"The basic problem was that a Kennedy tide that seemed to be funning strongly until about midnight began to trickle off as yesterday morning wore on. Added to this were too-optimistic Kennedy reports from the key states of Illinois and California.

In its second Late City Edition, which began to come off the presses shortly after 2 AM, the New York Times carried a headline reading: 'Kennedy Elected President.' ... At 7 AM the Times modified the headline it had been carrying since 2:30 AM. Now instead of calling Senator Kennedy 'elected,' the Times declared: 'Kennedy is Apparent Victor.'

By this time Mr. Kennedy's prospects had improved slightly. He needed only eleven electoral votes to win, and he could get these by holding California or Illinois or by winning Minnesota. Mr. Nixon had to win all three states and some others besides. Mr. Kennedy took Minnesota by about noon."

Nixon sent Kennedy a telegram about 12 hours after the polls closed conceding defeat.

The Ford Motor Company today named a 44-year-old former professor of accounting as its new chief executive. Robert S. McNamara has been a Ford Vice President and group executive in charge of the car and truck division since 1957.

November 8, 1960: Uncertain Election Results Favor Kennedy, Fighting Erupts in South Vietnam

In Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, tonight Sen. John F. Kennedy watched his early lead over Vice President Nixon narrow as the evening progressed and refused to claim victory before Nixon conceded defeat.

Nixon watched the returns come in at his suite in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles and later "virtually concedes," according to a report written to appear the next day.

In California, with 32 electoral votes, Kennedy maintained a lead over Nixon. Nixon, however, remained confident of winning his home state once absentee ballots were counted.

In Illinois Kennedy maintained a slim lead.

Despite the uncertain returns, New York Times reporter James Reston prepared a story for tomorrow's edition of his paper saying it "appeared" Kennedy had won election.

Another story prepared this evening for tomorrow's paper says, "... in the final hours of Election Day we do not collectively know what we have decided."

But TV computers were more confident: "Electronic computers at the television networks produced contradictory early forecasts ... but finally agreed in predicting a substantial victory for Senator John F. Kennedy."

In Saigon, the government charged Communist North Vietnam with aggression. There has been fierce fighting recently around Kontum in South Vietnam.

The Saigon government said the Communists attacked from their bases in the North, crossing territory in Laos with major units in an effort to take control of a "vast region" and stage further attacks against the South. A coup last August in Laos toppled a pro-Western government and installed rulers friendly to the Communists.

In Peiping tonight Chairman Mao Tse-tung, head of China's Communist party, attended a Soviet Embassy reception celebrating the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution.

There was a parade of Soviet rocket power in Moscow's Red Square today. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later declared that peace was at hand.

Vice President Nixon ended his drive for the presidency tonight, urging voters to "put America first" when going to the polls.

November 7, 1960: NYC Subway Bomb Kills One, Nixon Would Send Eisenhower to Eastern Europe, Kennedy 'Stature' Said to Have Grown in Campaign, TV Hit

"A young woman was killed and eighteen persons were injured last night in a bomb explosion" on a subway train, the New York Times reported today. "The blast was the fifth here since Oct. 2 and the first to cause death. All the explosions have taken place on city property. The bomb detonated ... as the train ... stood in the station with its doors open.... The explosive had been placed under a single seat at the rear of the fifth car of the six-car train."

"Vice President Nixon said tonight that if elected President he would propose sending President Eisenhower on a mission to Eastern European countries. He said he would invite the Communist leaders of those nations to visit the United States," the Times also reported today.

"Senator John F. Kennedy appears to have a substantial lead over Vice President Nixon as their campaign for the Presidency enters its final day, according to a nation-wide check of informed political opinion," The Times reports today. "However, most of those in close touch with the political picture in the fifty states added a big 'if' to their analyses.

"Senator Kennedy could fall short of victory, they said, if unmeasurable influences on the voters or a last-minute shift to the Vice President gave the latter all the doubtful states. ... Senator Kennedy, the Democratic candidate, is ahead in nineteen states with a total of 244 electoral votes, twenty-five short of an electoral majority of 269 votes. Vice President Nixon, the Republican candidate, is leading in sixteen states with a total of 109 electoral votes."

C.L. Sulzeberger writes in his column today: "We cannot tell in advance whether the electoral winner will be a great President. It is always difficult to tell in advance. No one foresaw that Jefferson would be an empire-builder, that Polk would conduct a strong foreign policy or that Buchanan would lack competence.

"However, on the record of this overlong campaign, whose duration is more than the world can forever afford, the personality and stature of Kennedy have grown perceptibly while those of Nixon have shown little sign of change. Only Kennedy has in any sense seemed to emit a charismatic aura of popular leadership, the kind of aura emitted by Franklin Roosevelt and by Eisenhower when they campaigned for office."

The National Chairman of the Writers Guild of America said, "TV is not intended to be moral or cultural uplift," the Times reported today. "It is entirely devoted to a specific form of advertising, namely brainwashing. The sole object is to condition the reflexes of all potential customers as if they were Pavlov's dogs. ... The so-called entertainment portion has the single function of associating the product with the common good [for sale]. The formal commercial specifies the product's brand label."

November 6, 1960: Max Frankel Describes Cuba as Land of Rumors

"The one thing the [Cuban] revolution appears not to have disturbed in Cuba is the national production of bolas," Max Frankel reports from Havana on this day in 1960. "A bola is a ball, and in Cuba it is a fastball, a rumor that rolls out of control through the sunny streets and muddy can fields. Customarily, players in and out of revolutionary and counterrevolutionary uniforms take part in the bola game, vying for status and incidentally frightening one another to death.

"This week has been especially productive here. It has also been revealing, for it demonstrated that the Cuban Government was the prize boa player of them all. While the street-corner whisperers were playing on Monday with the bola that the Government was ready to wrest all children over 6 from parental control, on Tuesday with the bola that all escape routes to the United States were about to be sealed, and on Wednesday with the bola that all Cubans who failed to don militia uniforms would be shot in case of trouble, the Government successfully created the specter of invasion and handily captured every imagination. ...

"Above all, the Castro Government this week was engaged in purveying warnings of 'imminent' invasion. The warnings were broadcast hourly and headlined morning and evening in huge black and blue type. They were sounded by Premier Castro on the field and by his Foreign Minister, Dr. Roa, at the United Nations, and they were played back in endless echoes to the accompaniment of dire pledges of support from Premier Khrushchev and Communists around the world. ...

"It is certainly no secret that the United States Government wants Dr. Castro deposed. And the memory of Big Power intervention and engineered coups is etched deeply into the Latin American mind. Miami and Dade County in Florida are crawling with Cubans vowing vengeance and the Fidelista mind cannot be expected easily to separate these asylumed exiles from the designs of the nation that is their host.

"But other observers here insisted that the Castro Government was better informed, that it knew -- as others know -- the exiles to be hopelessly divided into more than sixty groupings, poorly controlled, poorly trained and poorly armed -- hardly a match for the Castro army and militia in sovereign command of a fortified island.

"And these observers believed the Castro Government sufficiently sophisticated to realize that the United States could not afford the diplomatic defeat of a military victory over the Cuban revolution."

November 5, 1960: Kennedy's Cuba Stance a 'Whopper' But Nixon Has Short Memory on Guatemala

"Mr. Nixon's basic strategy has been to portray Mr. Kennedy as a brash young man aspiring to an office for which he is unqualified, in contrast to himself -- experienced, imperturbable, hardened in the fires of the kitchen debate with Khrushchev and countless missions as a Presidential surrogate," the Nation magazine writes in an editorial on this day in 1960.

"In the controversy over American policy in Cuba, Mr. Kennedy played right onto Mr. Nixon's hands. In Milwaukee, the Senator protested: 'I have never advocated and I do not advocate intervention in Cuba in violation of our treaty obligations.' But this is not the impression millions of TV viewers got when he made his original statement.

"In trying to show beyond a shadow of a doubt that he was not soft on Castro, the Senator made a mistake, and it was a whopper. In accordance with the mores of elections, he did not admit the mistake, but pleaded that he had been misunderstood. This was hardly calculated to gladden the hearts of the more discerning among his supporters, but the manner and method of Mr. Nixon's riposte were such as to confirm then in their conviction that they were in the right camp.

"The Vice President ... castigated Mr. Kennedy's stand and contrasted it with his own, which is that we could deal with the Castro government as the Eisenhower Administration dealt with the Arbenz regime in Guatemala. Mr. Nixon described this as a policy of 'quarantine' which encouraged the people of Guatemala to rise in their wrath and expel the Reds. ... The Vice President ... seems to think that not only the common man but all the political commentators suffer from political amnesia.

"In this instance, he was quickly disillusioned. Newspapers all over the country pointed out that the Guatemalan government was overthrown by an insurrection prepared and managed by the Government of the United States, which supplied the money, the weapons and the strong-arm diplomacy in the Security Council and the Organization of American States. And Vice President Richard M. Nixon was high in the councils of the Administration which engineered what he now depicts as a democratic revolution.

"The rocks and rotten tomatoes which greeted him on his most recent trip to South America should have warned him that memories are not as short as he thinks.

"The important thing now is not so much the effect on the election of the Kennedy-Nixon argument over Cuba, but what will happen after the election, or perhaps even before it. ... If the American election paves the way for an American Hungary in the Western Hemisphere, it will be an evil augury for the next administration, whether under Kennedy or Nixon."

November 4, 1960: Eisenhower Criticizes Kennedy as 'Young Genius' and Calls Candidate's Peace Corps Proposal 'Immature'

President Eisenhower today derided Sen. John F. Kennedy as a "young genius." In Pittsburgh the president warned of the threat that "communism would darken the light of the world" and added this: "This international struggle defines the character, scope and importance of every domestic question argued and publicized in this political campaign.

"The primary importance of these debated issues is their effect upon our ability to win the ideological war. ... When the push of a button may mean obliteration of countless humans, the president of the United States must be forever on guard against any inclination on his part to impetuosity; to arrogance; to headlong action; to expediency; to facile maneuvers; even to the popularity of an action as opposed to the rightness of an action."

In Cleveland, during the same campaign swing, Eisenhower said this of the Democrats and Kennedy: "More money, they say will be saved by military reorganization. Where did this young genius acquire the knowledge, experience and wisdom through which he will make such vast improvements over the work of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the dedicated civilian and service men who have given their lives to this work?"

Eisenhower also criticized Kennedy's Peace Corps proposal: "Within the last few days I have heard of a plan for forming a great corps of 'workers for peace.' The time given to this project -- for which the federal government would of course pay -- would be a substitute for a tour of duty in the uniformed service.

"This is apparently intended as one of the new ideas that will help produce the New Frontier. Strangely enough this brand new plan is amazingly similar to a proposal made in 1954 in a book by Heinz Rollman, who is not a member of the party whose spokesman made the recent announcement. Mr. Rollman, the original author, is the Republican candidate for Congress from the Twelfth District of North Carolina. It makes us wonder how many other porposals are equally not original and not new -- merely immature."

Eisenhower also criticized appeals to individual voting blocks: "... in this campaign we witness a deliberate appeal to Americans, not as Americans, but as members of specific groups. This can only promote an intolerable antagonism between economic and social elements of our country. In that, there is profit for none.

"No group in our sort of society can for long prosper unless all groups prosper. When we cease to recognize ourselves as full and equal citizens of the United States and act as selfish members of a selfish group concerned only with our own interests, we fragmentize America. Thereby we reduce the probability of achieving any of the goals that all of us seek and that we can achieve -- when we work as a united people, free from the labels of division."

In Chicago today, Sen. John F. Kennedy said the primary issue of the campaign was "world freedom or world slavery, world peace or world war."

November 3, 1960: Eisenhower campaigns for Republican Ticket Without 'Near-Hysteria' of Kennedy Rally

"A kind of self-possessed enthusiasm prevailed yesterday among the large crowds that turned out here [in New York] to see President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge," the New York Times reports today.

"The overall crowds that cheered the President and the Republican Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates seemed about as large as those that came out last week for Senator John F. Kennedy, the Democratic nominee. But there was little of the near-hysteria that Mr. Kennedy was able to induce in his partisans.

"The greatest visual excitement occurred in the Wall Street area, where the sidewalks were jammed and the confetti and ticker tape was so thick that it appeared as if the first snowstorm of the season had struck. Near Exchange Place, a policeman's motorcycle became entangled in the wads of paper, and stalled.

"'This is marvelous,' a 'Nixon Girl' in one of the press buses in the motorcade said."

President Eisenhower said, "There have been no further gains of territory or population by Communist imperialism in any area where American influence and arms were involved. We have successfully withstood an intensive campaign by the Soviet Union to absorb all of Berlin.

"Moreover, the number of peoples who defect from Communist-controlled states is measured annually in the hundreds of thousands. And I point out, and I point out that when people by the coountelss thousands will risk everything, including their lives, for the chance to join us on freedom's side of the Iron Curtain, there is no question in their minds about America's leadership.

"My friends, there is no question in your minds. In fact there seems to be only one individual who's bewailing America's strength and weakness, and he happens to be a political -- the only one who's doing this kind of worrying is a political candidate and he's not here tonight."

November 2, 1960: UN rejects Cuba's Invasion Charges, Eisenhower Warns US Will Respond to Guantanamo Seizure, Nixon charges 'Bare-Faced Lie'

"The [UN] General Assembly rejected tonight Cuban and Soviet-bloc demands for an urgent debate on Cuba's charges that the United States threatened the Castro Government with aggression and an imminent invasion," The New York Times reported today. "Before the votes, James J. Wadsworth of the United States rejected the Cuban charges as 'monstrous distortions and downright falsehoods."

"President Eisenhower said today that the United States would take 'whatever steps may be appropriate' to defend its naval base at Guantanamo, Cuba," The Times reports. "The President said that a clear understanding of the United States position was essential because the 'intimate relations" between Cuba and the Chinese Communist-Soviet bloc had increased the importance of the base to the defense of the Western Hemisphere."

"Vice President Nixon charged today that his Democratic Presidential rival was spreading 'vicious' rumors that those who voted for Mr. Nixon would lose Social Security benefits. He used the phrase 'bare-faced lie' in the charge," The Times reports.

"Los Angeles gave Senator John F. Kennedy a blizzard-like reception of ticker tape and confetti today. Observers said the reception exceed that given three weeks ago to Vice President Nixon," The Times reports.

"The Pentagon is expanding its plans to develop bacteriological and chemical weapons for use in limited war situations ... short of all-out nuclear warfare," the Times reports.

"The Cuban government's recent ostentatious show of military strength is thought by some diplomats here [Havana] to be an effort to demonstrate to Moscow that the Castro regime is a viable concern," Max Frankel reports in The Times.

"These observers believe that the Soviet Union's moment of decision has arrived, that the Soviet leaders must now agree to underwrite the Castro Government with massive and prolonged economic and technical aid or condemn the Cuban revolution to economic strangulation. ...

"Maj. Ernesto Guevara, Cuba's economic director and head of the national Bank, in is Moscow to convince the Russians of the soundness of the investment. For the present he has little to offer other than sugar -- and political loyalty. ...

"Virtually all foreign observers in Havana have been puzzled by the warnings about an 'imminent' invasion from Florida and Guatemala that have preoccupied this capital for the last week. Large headlines in all papers, urgent speeches and acts of mobilization have accompanied the warnings. Many Cubans appear to be convinced of the reality of the danger.

"However, diplomats here, many of whom believe that Premier Castro is more than a match for exiled Cubans and that the United States will not directly intervene without provocation, are wondering why the Cuban Government has been willing to risk the internal tensions and anxiety resulting from its propaganda. ...

"There are other diplomats who believe that Dr. Castro genuinely does fear invasion by 'mercenaries' and exiles throughouut the Caribbean with the open or clandestine support of the United States."

Also in today's Times was this report: "The Government moved today to speed development of a nuclear-powered rocket. The Atomic Energy Commission and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration announced jointly that they would skip the customary feasibility design study.

"Instead, the nuclear rocket program, known as Project Rover, will be moved directly into the industrial research and development phase. ... The first nuclear rocket is expected to be flight-tested in 1965. By the latter part of this decade, the rocket ... is expected to be ready for sending large payloads into interplanetary space."

November 1, 1960: Country to 'Start Moving Again' Kennedy Says, Defense Advances Supersonic Bomber, Nixon Optimism

"Senator John F. Kennedy called on Americans [yesterday] to tell the world in the election on Nov. 8 that 'this country is going to start moving again," The New York Times reported today.

"'I do not downgrade America,' Senator Kennedy said, 'but I do downgrade the kind of leadership America's been getting. I run for the presidency,' he continued, 'not to downgrade America -- but to achieve the kind of America for which every American family fought and in which every American family believes.'"

"The Defense Department, in a reversal of administration policy, ordered today a major expansion in developmental work on the B-70 supersonic bomber," The Times reported.

"It would be able to fly intercontinental ranges at a speed of about 2,000 miles an hour and at altitude of about 70,000 feet." In addition to the military justifications for the plane, "An additional justification offered by the Air Force was that work on the B-70 wold be invaluable in development of a supersonic commercial transport.

"A trip with Vice President Nixon in the final days of the campaign is a study in the science of gloom prevention," Russell Baker reports for the New York Times today.

"From the campaign music -- 'Make 'em yell for Nixon, make 'em yell' -- to the small talk in the hotel lobbies and the club car of the Nixon campaign train, the sound is in the spirit of the locker-room pep talk after the team has been clobbered in the game's first half.

"The stories that emanated from the vice president himself yesterday were in the same spirit with the reports that he gives himself a 50-50 chance of carrying the critical big states and is quietly confident about the ultimate victory."

October 31, 1960: Editorial Endorsements for President, Nixon's Brother Admits Hughes Loan

These editorial endorsements for president were reported today in the New York Times:

"The Chicago-Tribune endorsed Vice President Nixon for President today. In a front-page editorial, the Tribune said that 'During President Eisenhower's long illness, Nixon was acting president. He proved as competent as he was modest.'"

"The Washington Post and Times Herald declined tonight to endorse either Vice President Nixon or Senator John F. Kennedy for the Presidency. The newspaper, which describes itself as independent, has remained neutral in five of the last six elections."

"The Minneapolis Tribune editorially endorsed the Republican Presidential ticket of Vice President Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge today as 'better equipped and prepared to lead the country in the next four years.' The Tribune supported President Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956."

"The Garden Grover [Calif.] Daily News editorially supported the Presidential candidacy of Senator John F. Kennedy today."

"The West Palm Beach Post-Times endorsed the Republican ticket today. The Post-Times is an independent newspaper."

"Vice president Nixon's brother, Donald, confirmed today that a $205,000 loan obtained in an effort to save his restaurant business had come from the Hughes Tool Company, owned by Howard Hughes," the Times reported today. "But he declared: 'I have never asked my brother to do anything for me or anyone else in the government; and if I did ask I know he would refuse.'"

October 30, 1960: Nixon Hits Kennedy 'Lies,' Kennedy Gets Key Endorsement, US Not 'Wicked' Enough to Invade Cuba

"Vice President Nixon steadily increased the vigor of his attack on Senator John F. Kennedy today in a 105-mile swing through Chicago's suburbs," the New York Times reported on this day in 1960. "'It's time Kennedy started telling the truth about the United States of America. ... I'm not going to use Truman's language. We don't have to tell lies in this campaign.'"

The editorial board of the New York Times today endorsed Sen. Kennedy for president, but pointed out the similarities on the two candidates' views on foreign affairs. "In the field of foreign policy we find it a cause of deep satisfaction that ... the two candidates are in substantial agreement over a wide range of important issues.

"Both are aware of the nature and dimensions of the imperialist-Communist threat. Both want a stronger national defense and more effective aid to the underdeveloped nations. Both are prepared to resist, by force if necessary, anat attempt by Soviet Russia to drive us from Berlin."

The editorial goes on to describe why it prefers Kennedy, writing in part:

"There are large areas of the world -- particularly in Southeastern Asia -- where ideological conflict between communism and anti-communism may break out at any moment into local warfare.

"Are we, as Mr. Nixon indicates, to use American manpower to prevent the loss of "one inch of free territory" in such areas? The choice is not so easy as Mr. Nixon implies. It involves that question of the intrinsic importance of each such area to the security of the United States, the question of allied assistance, the possible cost of Americana intervention in terms of Americana lives.

"The oversimplification of Mr. Nixon's sweeping declarations in these matters is not reassuring."

In a separate editorial on Cuba the paper contends that the United States would never be "wicked enough, or foolish enough to attempt an armed conquest of Cuba. The Cuban leader cannot really believe that we are prepared to throw away the results of a generation of diplomacy in the Latin-American world, and make enemies of all our friends south of the Mexican border"

October 29, 1960: Truman Imagines 'Nixonland'

"Former President Truman has suggested that Vice President Nixon open an amusement park 'when he has to leave Washington on Jan. 20,'" the New York Times reported on this day in 1960.

"'I do not feel bitterness tonight toward Richard Nixon. I feel concern and a touch of pity. I have been wondering what he could do after the election returns are in. ... He is too young to retire and he will have to have some kind of a job. ...

"I think I have discovered what Mr. Nixon can do. He has considerable gifts of showmanship, and the ability to create all kinds of illusions. He should go into this amusement park business and open of of his own, which we could call Nixonland.

"One of the rules in Nixonland would be 'no cuss words' because of the children there. Of course, in Nixonland there wold be nothing to cuss about, because there our prestige would always be at an all-time high -- and we would all be morally, spiritually, economically and militarily stronger than anybody anywhere.

"Nixonland would also be very neat. In fact, it would be as clean as a hound's tooth. The first thing to do in Nixon land would be to take a ride on the Nixon train. This would go -- rather quickly -- through fifty-odd countries ... The end of this ride would be quite exciting, with howling Communist mobs, and all the passengers would have to be rescued by the United States Marines.

"Then there would be the Nixon trip up the Congo River, through Communistland. And you would see stuffed Communists poppoint out from behind every bush. And Nixon would stand in the bow of the boat and shoot them dead -- with blanks.

"Another popular attraction would be the great Nixon submarine ride to the offshore islands. This submarine would go to Quemoy and Matsu, but not to Cuba. In fact, there would be a rule in Nixonland agaianst mentioning Cuba. Anybody who mentioned Cuba would have to get off the submarine and swim home."

October 28, 1960: Nixon Aide Pledges 'Full Disclosure' on Hughes Loan, Nixon Vows to Go to Eastern Europe, Nuclear Sub Opens 'New Military Era'

"Vice President Nixon's campaign manager, Robert Finch, said today that the Nixon family would soon make a 'full disclosure' on the details of a disputed $205,000 loan," the New York Times reported on this day in 1960.

"Mr. Finch said the vice president's brother, Donald Nixon, and lawyers for the family were 'getting all the documents together.' He said he expected that a complete statement on the transaction would be made by 'the first of next week.'

"There is general agreement that $205,000 was lent in 1956 to the mother of the Nixon brothers, Mrs. Hannah M. Nixon of Whittier, Calif. It is agreed also that the money was borrowed for use by Donald Nixon, whose chain of restaurants was in financial trouble.

Yesterday Mr. Finch denounced a story by Drew Pearson, the columnist, saying that the $205,000 loan had been made to the Nixon family by the Hughes Tool Company. This is one of the many enterprises of Howard Hughes, the millionaire industrialist."

In an unrelated development, Vice President Nixon pledged to visit Eastern Europe, if elected president, it was reported today. "I will have as one of my objectives before my term of office ends, the opportunity to visit at least once every one of the satellite nations of Eastern Europe, including Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria and Rumania.

"To proclaim again America's friendship for these people, to reaffirm our trust in their ultimate deliverance and to get these facts first-hand -- these will be goals of the journeys we hope to make to Eastern Europe," Nixon said.

"The Navy announced today that the nuclear-powered, missile-armed submarine George Washington would begin sea duty Nov. 15, opening a new military era," the New York Times reported today.

"In a Navy Day statement, Admiral Arleigh A. Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, said that the new Polaris submarine, together with outer missiles and bombers, 'furnishes our nation with a retaliatory mix that would spell national suicide to any aggressor who risks general nuclear war."

October 27, 1960: Congo Government of 'College Men', Nixon Would Summit, El Salvador Coup, Khrushchev Has Tape, Civil Rights in Presidential Race

From Leopoldville, the Congo, the New York Times reports on this day in 1960 that, "The Congo's military regime promised the United Nations today t hat it would bring its unruly army under control. Col. Joseph D. Mobutu, the army chief of staff, and Justin Bomboko, head of the army-backed caretaker government of college men and graduates accepted the United Nations demand to withdraw Congolese soldiers from the streets of Leopoldville tomorrow morning and to confine them to their barracks."

"Vice President Nixon pledged himself tonight to a summit conference with Premier Khrushchev if an East-West nuclear test agreement could be brought 'in sight' by Feb. 1.," the Times reports.

"Three army officers and three civilian professional men took over the government of El Salvador at dawn today in a bloodless coup," the Times reports.

"Premier Khrushchev says he has a tape recording of his recent discussions with Prime Minister Macmillian in New York about a summit conference for next year," the Times reports, citing reliable sources. "This information, according to these sources, was recently given to West German officials with the implication that Mr. Khrushchev would produce the tape recording if the British leader challenged his version of their talks."

"Both sides in the 1960 campaign are devoting substantial amounts of time, money and worry to an issue that comes down, in essence, to one blunt question: Which man and which party can be counted on to do more to achieve equal rights for the Negro in American life?" Anthony Lewis writes in a news analysis piece in today's New York Times.

"During the campaign Senator John F. Kennedy on the whole has emphasized civil rights more than Vice President Nixon has. The Democratic candidate made a major speech in Los Angeles on the subject and then held a two-day conference on it in New York. Mr. Nixon has not made a full-dress civil rights address. His running mate, Henry Cabot Lodge, did add a novel element with his 'prediction' that a Negro would be in a Nixon Cabinet. The Democrats called this statement racism, and Mr. Nixon gave it no support."

"A newspaper column by Drew Pearson connecting the name of Vice President Nixon to a possible conflict of interest brought a 'smear' charge today from the Nixon camp. ... Mr. Pearson wrote that 'the family of Richard M. Nixon, had received a $205,000 loan Dec. 10, 1956 from the Hughes Tool Company, owned by Howard Hughes. He said that Mr. Hughes' problems with various government agencies had improved after this."

October 26, 1960: World Trade Center Plans, Rev. King to Jail in Georgia, 'Major Violence' in Vietnam Predicted, NASA Moon Plans

"A $250,000,000 World Trade Center adjoining New York's downtown financial district appeared assured yesterday," the New York Times reported on this day in 1960. "The Port of New York Authority, which has been studying the feasibility of such a project since February, will recommend before the end of this year that it be constructed."

"Senator John F. Kennedy emphasized today his charge that the United States prestige had declined and that this was a threat to the nation's survival," W.H. Lawrence reports Elmhurst, Ill., for the Times.

"Vice President Nixon and his running mate, Henry Cabot Lodge, tonight joined forces in a roof-raising rally designed to shift the Republican campaign into high gear," Harrison Salisbury reports from Cincinnati.

"The Rev. Martin Luther King was ordered today to serve four months in prison," the Times reports from Decatur, Georgia. "A judge here ruled that his participation in an Atlanta sit-in demonstration had violated the terms of a suspended sentence in a traffic case."

"The Bulova Watch Company yesterday introduced an electronic wrist watch that it said used new principles," The Times reports. "The new timepiece, called the Accutron, utilizes a miniature tuning fork and electronic components and circuitry to replace the movement of conventional watches used since the seventeenth century."

"The Philippine Government says it has warned of a possible outbreak of major violence in South Vietnam," the Times reports from Washington.

"United States officials have noted an increase in terrorism in Vietnam in recent weeks. However, officials here said they had no information to support the urgent warnings that have come from the Filipinos regarding the liklihood of a serious attack.

"Meanwhile, President Eisenhower sent assurances today of continued United States support to President Ngo Kinh Diem of South Vietnam. In his letter of good wishes on Vietnam's fifth anniversary, President Eisenhower said that the main responsibility for protecting the country's independence fell to the Vietnamese themselves. But he added: 'I want to assure you that for so long as our strength can be useful, the United States will continue to assist Vietnam in the difficult yet hopeful struggle ahead.'"

"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration took the first step today on a program to send a three-man space craft on a reconnaissance trip around the moon by 1970," the Times reported today. "The agency announced that three companies ... had been selected to make feasibility studies of the advanced space ship, known as Apollo. ... Plans call for the early flight tests of the Apollo in 1962. The first earth-orbithing manned space flights couuld take place in 1966, followed by more ambitious trips to the moon sometime in the 1968-70 period."

At the United Nations, "The United States accused Cuba today of 'incessant propaganda and reckless charges' to generate an 'atmosphere of false crisis'," the Times reports.

October 25, 1960: Contradictions Seen in Nixon's Cuba Stance, 'CompuCenter' is a Hit at Office Executives Show

James Reston reports today in a story datelined, "EN ROUTE WITH NIXON in Pennsylvania" that the Republican presidential candidate has the rule of law behind him in arguing against Sen. John F. Kennedy's position of aiding in the overthrow of Fidel Castro, "But in the anti-Castro mood of the nation the Democratic nominee may have the spirit of the American people working with him. And in an election debate before a majority of the voters, the spirit of the people may be more important than the spirit of the law.

"This country is obviously disturbed about the spread of Communist influence into the Caribbean. No foreign issue since Korea has provoked so much anxiety. The polls show it. The letters columns are full of it, this is usually the first foreign policy question put to the candidates wherever they go.

"Accordingly, it is a neat question whether the country will prefer the Vice President's policy of putting limited economic pressure on Castro or the Senator's suggestion of increasing the economic pressure and cooperating with those who want to bring Castro down.

"The foreign policy experts are on the Vice President's side in this dispute." But Reston sees a contradiction in Nixon's argument: "His major point in the foreign policy debate so far has been that we must oppose Soviet expansion wherever it appears, that we must not gie up "one inch" of territory to the Communists and that we must risk war if necessary to prevent the conquest of Quemoy and Matsu.

"In short, he has seemed willing to risk war 7,000 miles from home, where, in the harbor of Amoy, the strategic considerations are highly unfavorable to the United States, while opposing the risk Senator Kennedy would take in Cuba, where the strategic situation is highly unfavorable to Premier Khrushchev.

"The element of paradox in all this is even more apparent when Mr. Nixon's suggestions for dealing with Castro are studied. He proposed last Friday night that the United States should deal with Castro as it dealt with the Arbenz Government of Guatemala, and he described this as a policy of 'quarantine' which enabled the democratic forces in Guatemala to rise up and throw out Arbenz.

"Mr. Nixon knows very well, however, that the democratic forces of Guatemala were able to do what they did only because they were enabled by the Eisenhower Administration to get the money, planes and help that threw Arbenz out.

"In other words, in Guatemala, which Mr. Nixon cited as a model for dealing with Cuba, the United States actually did what Senator Kennedy seemed to be suggesting we do to help the anti-Castro forces gain control in Havana."

In today's newspaper there was also this business report: "The latest concepts in the office of the future were put on display yesterday at the opening of the National Business Show at the New York Coliseum. The show is sponsored each year by the Office Executives Association of New York.

"The feature that drew steady attention from the show's opening at noon to closing was a CompuCenter, short for computer center, at which six major concerns displayed the latest in electronic data-processing equipment. This was a 'first' for the show, which has not had such equipment before.

"The six large manufacturers represented were the Bendix Computer division of the Bendix Corporation; Control Data Corporation; Friden, Inc.; Monroe Calculating Machine Company; the computer division of Philco Corporation and the Remington Rand Univac division of the Sperry Rand Corporation"

October 24, 1960: Congolese Army Riot, Communists in Tunis, Kennedy Gains, Fourth Bomb Explodes in NYC, Lodge Speaks on Hungary, Vietnam Fighting

In the Congolese capital of Leopoldville the army rioted as the head of the military regeme Col. Joseph Mobuto left the city. "The United Nations appeared to be maintaining a hands off policy as the soldiers, some of them drunk and apparently bent on revenge, terrorized the population and put the provincial government's civilian police to flight," the New York Times reported today.

In Tunis, the premier of the Algerian Provisional Government, Ferhat Abbas, "spoke repeatedly of 'our Chinese and Soviet Friends'," the New York Times reported, noting it as evidence of "the long step that the Algerian nationalist movement has taken toward the Communist world in the last four months." Meanwhile, in Paris, Algerian nationalists armed with pistols, submachine guns and grenades attacked five police stations, injuring seven policemen, the New York Times reported of the "rebel terrorists."

Sen. John F. Kennedy has made "substantial gains" in all sections of the country since his nomination, setting the stage for a close election, the New York Times reported today.

A bomb exploded on a Staten Island ferryboat, ripping a two-foot hole in the boat but causing no injures, the New York Times reported today. "The crud bomb, siliar to the homemade explosives that have injured thirty-nine persons and terrorized the city on two of the last three Sundays and last Columbus Day, was planted under a seat near a life-preserver locker."

Americans "will never be satisfied until the people of Hungary are allowed the right of self-determination," Republican Vice Presidential candidate Henry Cabot Lodge said on the anniversary of the fourth anniversary of the Hungarian revolution, which the United States failed to support before it was crushed by the Soviet Union, newspapers reported today. Some have criticized Lodge for not supporting a motion to keep the UN Security Council in session during the Hungarian uprising -- against the advice of the British and the French -- after the Soviet delegate denied Soviet troops were moving on Budapest.

"South Vietnamese forces killed ten Communist insurgents and wounded twenty-six others in action in Vinh Binh Province last week, officials reported today. The government losses were not disclosed," UPI reported in todays papers in a dispatch from Saigon.

October 23, 1960: Nixon Says Kennedy Statements on Cuba Risk World War, US Accuses Cuba of Invasion Hoax, Khrushchev Threatens Berlin Crisis

Sen. John F. Kennedy's proposal on Cuba, made during the most recent televised debate with Vice President Richard Nixon, could lead to World War III, Nixon said, according to a report in the New York Times by Harrison Salisbury.

Nixon's comments "bristled with condemnatory language. The target of the Vice President's assault was Mr. Kennedy's proposal, as Mrl Nixon put it, 'for United Sttes Government support for a revolution in Cuba.' He called this 'the most shockingly reckless proposal ever made in our history byh a presidential candidate during the campaign. ... [S]aid Mr. Nixon, the most dangerous implication t hat can flow from Senator Kennedy's recommendation is that it constitutes 'a direct invitation for the Soviet Union to intervene militarily on the side of Castro. Should the Soviet Union intervene directly, said Mr. Nixon, the result can only mean a civil war in which the United States could not avoid entering. 'The result,' he agreed, 'cold easily be the spread of the conflict into the world war that every American of both parties wants to avoid.'"

The State Department has caught Cuba "redhanded" trying to stage an invasion of the island that could be blamed on the U.S., Jack Raymond reports in today's New York Times. "Philip W. Bonsal, the United States Ambassador, notified the Cuban Foreign Ministry of reports that a number of Cuban transport planes at an airfield near Havana had United States markings, including the United States flag. ... According to the authorities here [Washington], the Cubans appear to have planned to put the planes with United States markings in the air and perhaps even to down one or two of the so that they could be photographed. ... Premier Fidel Castro's Government has charged that the United States is massing warplanes in Guatemala and Florida to help anti-Castro forces to invade Cuba."

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev set an April deadline "for either a summit conference or a major Berlin crisis," Sydney Gruson reported in the New York Times on this day in 1960.

There was a show of "Red unity," as the New York Times put it today, as Communist China's leaders "bowed to Premier Khrushchev and spoke of the 'monolithic solidarity' of the two countries.

The Associated Press reports today from Leopoldville in the Congo that Col. Joseph Mobuto has all but abandoned his military regime as Patrice Lumumba prepared to take power.

President Eisenhower plans to step up his campaigning for Vice President Richard Nixon, according to reports in today's newspapers. This is to include a televised talk from the White House on election eve.

Sen. John F. Kennedy and former President Harry Truman campaigned together for the first time, the New York Times reported today. The two were estranged before the convention. This comes a day after Truman called Nixon, "a no good."

October 22, 1960: Kennedy Corners Nixon on Cuba in TV Debate; Lodge Predicts Cold War Won't End Before '85

A televised debate last night between Vice President Richard Nixon and Sen. John F. Kennedy focused on the differences between the two presidential candidates over Cuba and was the lead story in newspapers published on this day in 1960.

In an odd twist of fate, Kennedy turned the tables on Nixon by effectively calling for a U.S.-sponsored invasion to overthrow Castro. The Eisenhower administration is secretly planning just such an operation, but it has not been publicly disclosed.

Nixon is the administration's point person for the invasion and has been pushing hard for the CIA, which is training an army of Cuban-exiles in Guatemala, to launch its coup before the November election. But when Kennedy -- who may have been tipped off to the invasion plans by CIA Director Allen Dulles -- criticized the administration for not trying to topple Casto, Nixon was forced to argue against an invasion.

"Senator Kennedy's policies and recommendations for the handling of the Castro regime are probably the most dangerously irresponsible recommendations that he has made during the course of this campaign," Nixon said. "In effect, what Senator Kennedy recommends is that the United States government should give help to the exiles and to those within Cuba who oppose the Castro regime. ...

"Now let's just see what this means. We have five treaties with Latin America, including the one setting up the Organization of American States in Bogota in 1948 in which we have agreed not to intervene in the internal affairs of any other American country -- and they as well have agreed to do likewise. The charter of the United Nations, its preamble, Article I and Article II also provide that there shall be no intervention by one nation in the internal affairs of another. No I don't know what Senator Kennedy suggests when he says that we should help those who oppose the Castro regime, both in Cuba and without.

"But I do know this, that if we were to follow that recommendation, that we wold lose all of our friends in Latin America, we would probably be condemned in the United Nations, and we would not accomplish our objective. I know something else. It would be an open invitation for Mr. Khrushchev to come in, to come in to Latin America, and to engage us in what would be a civil war, and possibly even worse than that."

James Reston, in his analysis of the debate, writes that Nixon's position was well received: "The vice president's criticism of Senator Kennedy's program for assisting the anti-Castro forces to regain power in Cuba was approved by well-informed people here tonight. They have been saying today that while it may be all right to do that, it is not the sort of thing to discuss publicly, especially in the face of the nation's treaties with Latin America, which specificalaly forbid economic or political interference in the internal affairs of the American Republics."

Elsewhere it was reported today that Henry Cabot Lodge, the Republican vice presidential nominee, predicts a long Cold War. Lodge said the Cold War could last for another 25 years, or until 1985.

October 21, 1960: Kennedy said US Should Aid Cuban Rebels, US Withdraws Cuban Ambassador, Pacifists Board Nuclear Sub

Senator John F. Kennedy said the United States should give assistance to rebels trying to overthrow the government in Cuba, it was reported on this day in 1960.

Kennedy assailed the Eisenhower-Nixon administration for "doing nothing for six years while the conditions that give rise to communism grew -- after ignoring the repeated warning of our ambassadors that the communists were about to take over Cuba -- after standing helplessly by while the Russians established a new satellite only 90 miles from American shores -- Mr. Nixon and the Republicans, after two years of inaction since Castro took power, now attempt to make up for this incredible history of blunder, inaction, retreat and failure, by cutting off several million dollars worth of exports in a move which will have virtually no effect by itself in removing communist rule from Cuba."

The United States, Kennedy said, "must attempt to strengthen the non-Batista democratic anti-Castro forces in exile, and in Cuba itself, who offer eventual hope of overthrowing Castro. Thus far these fighters for freedom have had virtually no support from our government."

Meanwhile, the United States has recalled its ambassador to Cuba, Philip Bonsal, for "an extended period of consultation," the State Department announced, reports today said.

In Moscow, Premier Nikita Khrushchev said his country possessed submarines that could fire nuclear warheads at the United States. The U.S. Navy said it was still far ahead in nuclear submarine development.

At a US submarine manufacturing facility in Groton, Conn., three young pacifists boarded two Polaris submarines. The men were members of the Committee for Non-Violent Action. The group is opposed to "war, military power and preparation of war by the Communists and the Western powers," one of its members said.

In New York, Admiral Arthur Radford, former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and a national security advisor to the Nixon campaign, said Sen. Kennedy's position on Quemoy and Matsu, the islands in contention between Red China and Taiwan, could lead to war.

"Unless Kennedy changes his basic position on Quemoy and Matsu we might have a war on our hands in the Pacific. Mr. Kennedy has given the Communists reason to suspect that he will not defend the islands. They would try us out as they did in Korea. We would have no alternative to war if the offshore islands were attacked."

A prominent Negro clergyman, Rev. Dr. Gardner Taylor, criticized Henry Cabot Lodge, the Republican candidate for Vice President, for pledging to include a Negro in a Republican Cabinet.

"I would believe more him his good taste and his determination to do this if his speech had been made in a place other than Harlem -- in some neutral territory. ... I would like to see selections for the Cabinet made without considerations of race. However, selections have been made for so long with race as a negative factor that it might be well to have considerations of race viewed as a positive factor."

October 20, 1960: The Village Beatnik, Castro May Try October Surprise, Gigantic Rockets and Atom Engines, Labor Party's Left

An article in the New York Times on this day in 1960 is headlined "Voice of the Beatnik is Being Stilled in the 'Village.'" The article, by Arthur Gelb, begins, "The exhibitionistic, 'do-nothing' beatnik is losing his foothold in the Greenwich Village coffee houses.

"The unkempt, often unwashed, self-styled poets and philosophers who make the espresso cafes their homes and who could be counted on to leap to their feet and growl obscene dispraise of the status quo are becoming personae non gratae both as customers and 'performers.

"Many of the cafes that once welcomed these beatniks as a lurid tourist attraction are replacing them with planned (if still iconoclastic) entertainment. They are trying to lure 'Village' intellectuals and uptowners who are willing to pay a modest price for avant-garde plays and revues."

From Miami Beach comes the report today that the U.S. envoy to Mexico has said that Castro may try to influence the U.S. presidential election by attacking the American naval base at Guantanamo. "Do not be surprised if Castro. in instructions from Moscow and Peiping, attempts some colossal and foolhardy antic designed to disturb this nation on the eve of its national elections," Ambassador Robert Hills said in a speech. "If Castro moves on Guantanamo, the United States must defend Guantanamo base with all our strength."

The Times also reports today that the US is developing "gigantic rockets ... that would dwarf any space vehicles now being used or under development."

In other rocket news in today's papers, the Navy announced today that it had succeeded in launching a Polaris missile. The missiles were fired from the nuclear-powered submarine, the Patrick Henry. It is the Navy's second Polaris sub.

The Times also reports today from Mercury, Nevada, on a successful "atom-engine" test at the Jackass Flats test area in which "science took another laborious step toward the moon. ... The present schedule calls for rocket flight tests in 1968 or 1969. ... Releasing the tremendous energy of atoms is regarded as the only feasible means of obtaining enough power to carry sizable rocket payloads on long tips into space.

Reports from London say the Labor Party's right wing criticized the liberal wing of the party which was described as on "a disastrous trend toward unilateralism and neutralism." The more liberal movement, known as "Victory for Socialism," supports unilateral nuclear disarmament and a neutral stance between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

October 19, 1960: Transatlantic Satellite Link Planned, Cuba Says US Air-Drops Arms to Rebels, Nixon for Cuba Quarantine

The United States, Britain and France are planning the first transatlantic satellite link, the New York Times reported today. "Eventually, the satellites would be expected to handle several hundred trans-Atlantic telephone calls at one time or broadcast transoceanic television programs. Development of a satellite for such an international communications system is already far along at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey. ... Not only would it represent a pioneering effort in the commercial exploitation of space, but, perhaps even more significantly in terms of public policy, it could also establish a precedent for private ownership and operation of space communications systems. The case for private, rathern than public, ownership of space communications has been stressed by Bell officials in public speeches and in discussion s with government space officials."

At the United Nations Cuba accused the United Sates of dropping military supplies by air to rebels "to reinforce revolutionary elements [that would] ... create a spearhead of an invasion to overthrow the Castro government.

Meanwhile, Vice President Richard Nixon called for a quarantine of Cuba to prevent it from exporting its revolution to other Latin American countries.

Sen. J. W. Fulbright (D-Arkansas) accused Vice President Richard Nixon today of expressing regret to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev over President Eisenhower's declaration of Captive Nations Week, which states that "the enslavement of a substantial part of the world's population by Communist imperialism makes a mockery of the idea of peaceful co-existence." A Nixon spokesman called the Fulbright charge "an obvious smear."

Allai Stevenson also criticized Nixon, saying that to keep the peace it was necessary to keep Nixon's "dangerous impetuosity" out of the White House.

And Sen. John F. Kennedy charged Nixon with "malicious distortion" in suggesting that his policies would lead to "surrender." Kennedy said, "I will not cut our present commitment to the cause of freedom anywhere in the world -- the Formosa Strait, Latin America, Asia, Africa."

October 18, 1960: Eisenhower Wants Assistance to 'Disadvantaged' Nations, Nixon wants Kennedy Position on Admitting Red China to UN

President Eisenhower today called on the free nations of the world to provide economic assistance to "disadvantaged" countries to help keep them from going communist.

Vice President Richard Nixon said today in Buffalo that Sen. John F. Kennedy should renounce comments made by Adlai Stevenson on the admission of communist China to the United Nations. "Recognized as one of the senator's closest advisers in the foreign policy field," Stevenson "favored a deal with the communist chinese which would have us trade" support for UN admission "for a worthless guarantee of freedom for Formosa," Nixon said.

"It is not enough for the senator to say that he, personally opposed the admission of the communist Chinese to the United Nations. The people are entitled to know whether to believe his foreign policy adviser or to believe him. Therefore I call upon Senator Kennedy to disavow the Stevenson statement. The American people cannot make sense of a campaign in which the candidate says one thing on foreign affairs and one of his principal advisers says the opposite while campaigning for the candidate." Stevenson was the Democratic nominee for president in 1952 and 1956.

The National League awarded baseball franchises today to New York and Houston. The new teams are expected to start play in 1962. There has never been a National League team in Texas.

Charles Van Doren and 13 other quiz-show contestants were arrested today for lying to a grand jury about whether they had received questions and answers in advance of their television appearances.

In Leopoldville, the Congo, Col. Joseph Mobuto said he had the full backing of Moise Tshombe, president of the breakaway Katanga provence.

In Vientiane, Laos, the premier, Prince Souvanna Phouma, said the United States had asked for a halt to negotiations with pro-communists. The United States, meanwhile, has resumed military aid to Laos. The aid may have been suspended to put pressure on the the premier to halt talks with the Pathet Lao.

October 17, 1960: Nixon-Lodge Parley Fails to Resolve Dispute; Nixon's Life Saved; Anti-Catholic Letters Detailed; Life Underground Forecast

It was reported today that Vice President Richard Nixon and his running mate, Henry Cabot Lodge, had failed to reach full agreement over Lodge's pledge to include a Negro in the Cabinet, if the Republicans win the White House. After the meeting Lodge said it "would be a wonderful thing to have a qualified Negro in the Cabinet." Nixon said he would appoint the "best men," without regard to race. Meanwhile, top Republican campaign officials reported that a private poll found a surge for their party as the November election neared.

It was also reported today that Nixon narrowly escaped serious injury yesterday in Springfield, Ill., when Jack Sherwood, a Secret Service agent, pulled him out of the way of a large set of heavy floodlights and their short-circuiting power cables that threatened to crush and electrocute the vice president. it was the second time that Sherwood helped save Nixon's life. The first occurred in 1958 in Venezuela when the Vice President's motorcade was attacked by an angry mob trying to pull Nixon from his car.

An anti-Catholic letter being circulated nationwide says that a Kennedy victory in November would lead to war and "The murdered Protestants' property would become Catholic property," according to a story in today's New York Times under the banner headline, "Anti-Catholic Groups Closely Cooperate in Mail Campaign to Defeat Kennedy." The articles reports that "The most effective pieces [of anti-Kennedy literature] are coming from the 'church and staters,' a major force represented by the National Association of Evangelicals, by Protestants and Other Americans United for Separation of Church and State and by many in the Southern Baptist Convention.

"By their own testimony, all these groups are cooperating closely. They direct their arguments at uncommitted or vacillating Protestants, inside the churches and out, who have vague worries about the 'Catholic question.'"

Thomas F. Zimmerman, president of the National Association of Evangelicals, has sent out a letter that states, "If a Roman Catholic is elected president -- what then? The Church of Rome will have a new great advantage, and the United States will no longer be recognized as a Protestant nation in the eyes of the world. Don't you agree that it is time for the Protestants of America to stand up and be counted?"

The United States can look forward to living underground, unless the arms race is halted, according to The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions. The growing size of nuclear weapons will require the U.S. to build factories inside caves, along with apartment buildings and stores. Eventually, all human life will be underground, according to the center's report, "Community of Fear."

October 16, 1960: News of the Week

A large anti-Catholic campaign is being planned, the New York Times reports today. It is to include mass mailings and handouts, sermons and rallies. The rallies are set to coincide with Reformation Sunday, on October 30. It is estimated that tens of millions of handouts and mailings will be distributed. The drive is expected to cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. The Times estimated that 114 groups are involved in producing the anti-Catholic literature and found that mailing lists are drawn from the membership lists of conservative Protestant churches.

"To date not one piece of evidence has turned up to indicate that the Republican party nationally or locally has anything to do with the planning or direction of the religious drive against Mr. Kennedy," the front page story reports. The paper paraphrases the executive director of the Fair Campaign committee, Bruce Felknor, as saying that "conservative laymen of wealth ... are financing much of the religious literature drive by contribution to churches and tax-exempt Protestant organizations active in the campaign, and then deducting the contributions from their income taxes."

On this Sunday in 1960 the New York Times carries these news analyses:

Under the headline, "Castro's Cuba Takes Long Step to Left," Hart Phillips describes the country's government takeover of industry this week as part of "the most extensive nationalization program ever attempted in the Western Hemisphere." This has created "disbelief and fear" among members of the "propertied classes," while "the masses have applauded the government's actions and have waited patiently for the 'better life' with the Castro Revolutionary Government has promised them." "The question being asked here," Phillips writes from Havana," is 'Where are we going?' Will the Cuban Revolutionary government be able to succeed in its program with the sole help of the Communist countries?"

With the presidential election just more than three weeks away, W.H. Lawrence writes under the headline, "Strategy: Nixon Drives for Independent Vote; Kennedy Seeks to Remake FDR Coalition," that "the campaign is moving into a free-wheeling, harder-hitting slugging match, with an intensity and vigor far above the level that had prevailed from Labor Day until now.

Arthur Krock writes of the televised debates between the two presidential candidates that, "The size of the public audiences these programs have attracted, and the nation-wide discussion of the leadership qualities the candidates may have revealed, support the general opinion that the public will demand these joint appearances in all future presidential campaigns. If this is a sound forecast, then even an incumbent President of the future will find it difficult, if not impossible, to refuse to meet his challenger in person.

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's appearance on television with David Susskind this week "gave television and international relations a common meeting ground: the sideshow," Jack Gould writes. "The cathode tete a tete featuring the Russian leader and video's flamboyant individualist was in many ways a chilling duet. The ... peasant whom destiny entrusted with a finger on the trigger was being spiritedly disputed by an impulsive young man about town. ... Wht's disquieting is that tape recordings of the pictures and sound tracks now have traversed the world. In foreign countries many persons are bound to conclude that Mr. Susskind must be one of the most important Americans extant; how else would he be the one to appear with the Russian leader."

In the Sunday magazine an article entitled "'Not-So-Silent' Generation" quotes from a member of "a new generation, the 'war babies'" attending Swarthmore College: "Only a few of us know what they want to do. Many are interested in the humanities and maybe, later, working for the U.N. or the government. But we're still unsure, a little scared."

October 15, 1960: Kennedy Attacks Nixon on Broad Front, Editorial Critical of Lodge Pledge on Negro in Cabinet

Sen. John F. Kennedy said today that Nixon's talk about standing up to communism conspicuously omits mention of Cuba. Nixon "talks about standing firm in the Far East, but he never mentions standing firm in Cuba. If you can't stand up to Castro, how can you be expected to stand up to Khrushchev?"

Kennedy also said Nixon often changed his image and asked who voters who cast ballots for Nixon would be selecting: "The practical progressive? The outspoken conservative? The old Nixon? The New Nixon? The modern Republican? The old-fashioned Republican?"

Kennedy also took a jab at Nixon's running mate, Henry Cabot Lodge, who recently pledged -- then withdrew his pledge -- to have a Negro in a Nixon Cabinet. "Mr. Lodge made a speech one day in the North pledging a Negro in the Cabinet and the next day he said he had no right to make any pledges when he was down South."

The New York Times editorial page also commented today on the controversy over Lodge's pledge to include a Negro in a Republican Cabinet:

"There is every reason why a Negro, or any other American of whatever racial descent, should be appointed to the President's Cabinet, or to any other high public office, if he possesses the proper qualifications for such a post. There are, in fact, many Negroes eminently fitted for the most responsible positions in the Government. But the test for appointments to public office should be the ability and experience of the candidate in question, and not the color of his skin or his religious affiliation or his residence in a politically strategic area. Mr. Lodge's Wednesday 'pledge' was all too apparently a bid for votes on a specious issue."

In other news on this day in 1960 ... A worsening world situation requires negotiations over Berlin with the Soviet Union, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan said today. He urged a summit meeting between Western powers and the Soviets. ... In Morocco the government closed two French Consul offices near the border with Algeria. ... Vice President Nixon said he would work to elect Republicans everywhere. ... Cuba sentenced two americans to death for joining a rebel group attempting to overthrow the Castro government. The Cuban government, meanwhile, has announced that it is turning over ownership of all rented homes to tenants. ... President Eisenhower said he agrees with Vice President Nixon's position that the US should defend Taiwan's offshore islands only if they are attacked as part of a plan to invade Taiwan.

October 14, 1960: Cuba Nationalizes US Firms, Business Urged to Offer Retiree Health Care, Nixon to Meet Lodge on Negro Pledge, Female Frigidity on TV

Cuba today nationalized 20 American-owned businesses. Also affected were Cuban banks and all large industrial and transportation companies. In all the government took over some 100 businesses.

Meanwhile, at the United Nations, the United States charged Cuba with deliberately sabotaging relations with the US. The US also accused Cuba of suppressing civil liberties, confiscating property and interfering in Latin American affairs.

Employers should provide post-retirement health care to their employees, the United States Chamber of Commerce said today. The recommendation was an attempt to stave of a government-financed health insurance system for the aged. "Successful private plans will provide the chamber with the evidence it needs to combat the compulsory approach," the chamber said, adding that it had helped defeat a government health plan for the aged this year.

Leaders of the world's free nations should get together in regional meetings to plot strategy against communism, Vice President Richard Nixon said today.

In Laos, Prince Souvanna Phouma said US attempts to solve the crisis in his country had failed. The prince is attempting to pursue a neutralist policy, against the wishes of the United States. The prince has said that if the U.S. does not change its stance he might seek assistance from the Soviet Union.

Nixon today won the endorsement of the Richmond News Leader, which wrote that he was "superior to Mr. Kennedy on every count in his expressed views on particular issues, in his general attitudes toward government, in his choice of advisers, in the experience and maturity he could bring to the job."

Sen. John F. Kennedy was accused today of "cribbing" during his debate yesterday with Vice President Nixon. Meade Alcorn and Leonard Hall, two former Republican National Chairmen, made the charge. Alcorn said Kennedy's behavior was a "dramatic example of Kennedy's immaturity." Kennedy denied using notes.

Vice President Nixon has summoned his running mate, Henry Cabot Lodge, to a meeting in Hartford on October 16, presumably to discuss Lodge's pledge to include a Negro in a Nixon Cabinet. Lodge withdrew his pledge one day after making it.

The Atomic Energy Commission has developed and tested a device for detecting nuclear explosions in space, up to about 33,000 miles.

The Soviet Union is working on an anti-missile defense system, Pentagon officials said today. The official would not say if the Soviet System is more advanced than U.S. plans for its own Nike Zeus anti-missile missile.

Associated Nucleonics, Inc., of Garden City, NY, will market a blast and fallout shelter capable of housing and feeding up to nine people for two weeks. The shelter, a steel cylinder eight feet by sixteen feet, burried five feet underground with a concrete foundation, is designed to withstand a 10-megaton blast a mile away.

This afternoon, the N.B.C. Television Network will air "The Cold Woman; A Study of Sexual Frigidity." A newspaper advertisement calls the show "a frank account of a problem affecting millions of American women today. Kim Hunter and Jack Klugman portray a married couple deeply troubled by the most personal of emotional problems, in a dramatization based on case histories, professional reports, and taped interviews. ... Today, despite the American woman's privileged status -- her club memberships, college degrees and kitchen full of conveniences -- a great number of her kind is in distress. The complexities of her new situation, in many cases, have only added to her anxieties. And she may reach a point where she becomes a problem for society -- perhaps in a divorce court, a magistrate's office or an alcoholic ward."

The National Automobile Show made final preparations for its opening in Detroit tomorrow. It is the first time the show is being held outside New York City. The theme is Wheels of Freedom. "When we talk about wheels of freedom we are not using words lightly, L.L. Colbert, president of the Automobile Manufacturers Association said today. "In these troubled days when freedom is being assaulted by ruthless, unprincipled and powerful leaders abroad we are proud that the automobile industry will make a substantial contribution to the strength of America."

One of the cars to be on display is the redesigned Thunderbird for 1961. "While it still is a four passenger vehicle it has taken on a jaunty continental flair that sets it apart from others of the sports type family cars," the New York Times would report tomorrow from Detroit. "A long sloping hood sweeps out beyond the front wheels and drops to a section like a nose cone that makes for a ground-hugging appearance"

October 13, 1960: Islands Dominate Debate, Lodge Retreats on Negro Cabinet, Khrushchev Departs and Mice in Space

Quemoy and Matsu, the tiny islands in dispute between Taiwan and Communist China, dominated tonight's nationally televised debate between the two candidates for president, Sen. John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard Nixon.

Nixon backed away from his earlier position that no territory "in the area of freedom" should be surrendered to the Communists. Last night he said the United States should defend the islands if China attacks them as "a prelude to an attack on Formosa," also known as Taiwan.

The Republican vice presidential candidate, Henry Cabot Lodge, meanwhile backed away from his pledge yesterday to include a Negro in a Nixon Cabinet. "I cannot pledge anything," he said. "His Harlem pledge has caused consternation and anger among some high Virginia Republicans," the New York Times would report in tomorrow's edition.

The Pittsburgh Pirates won the World Series today, beating the New York Yankees 10-9. The Pirates, winning their first Series title in 35 years, clinched the game in the ninth inning with a home run by Bill Mazeroski at Forbes Field.

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev left for Moscow from New York International Airport late tonight after calling again for world disarmament and absolving President Eisenhower of responsibility for the U-2 spy plane flights over his country.

In England the British government took a tough stance toward the Soviet Union, with an official saying the Soviets had a long-term strategy to overthrow democracy, not "short-term policies alternating rapidly between toughness and conciliation."

NASA shot three mice into space and returned them safely to earth today.

The permanent delegate to the United Nations from Cameroon said he was "singled out of a crowd of white persons walking on the west side of First Avenue near the UN building. I was blocked by a policeman who demanded my papers. No one else in the crowd was asked for papers. It so happened that I was the only Negro there at the time. ... I kept asking why I alone should show my pass and nobody else in the crowd. I had my pass but they seized me by the belt and about five policemen pushed me along to the police truck. I was taken to the police station."

Former President Harry Truman today criticized the Eisenhower administration for losing Cuba to the communists. "They have permitted the forces of communism to establish a new base in Cuba. The Panama Canal is now vulnerable and exposed. And communists are becoming entrenched just ninety miles from the Florida shores."

Jewish leaders in Washington today called on Vice President Nixon to repudiate the statement of his press secretary, Herbert Klein, that they called "an insult to our faith." Klein had said an editorial in an Israeli newspaper had "pointed up the fact that there were 2 million Jewish votes in the Unites States and that for the sake of Israel they should be cast for Nixon.

"This shocking appeal for votes from Americans of Jewish faith is an insult to our faith and to the political integrity of American Jews without regard to political affiliation," the Jewish leaders said.

US officials say the Soviets tried but failed to launch a spectacular space shot during Khrushchev's stay in the United States.

At the United Nations, Laos backed a proposal for a UN buffer zone in Southeast Asia to separate the Cold War powers. Meanwhile it would be reported tomorrow in the New York Times that Washington officials see Laos as one of the "most important diplomatic trouble spots. Officials here are fearful that the country may become the 'Congo of Southeast Asia.' A three-cornered civil war, though still limited in scope, has divided the country, and internal and external pressures from the communists have grown steadily."

October 12, 1960: UN In Disorder, JFK Calls Nixon 'Trigger-Happy,' Boston Man Faces Cuban Firing Squad, Lodge Pledges Negro in Nixon Cabinet

The United Nations General Assembly dissolved into disorder today as Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev banged his shoe on his deskcalled Phillippine delegate Lorenzo Sumulong a "jerk" and a "lackey" after Sumulong said Eastern Europe had been "deprived of political and civil rights" by the Soviet Union. "Mr. Khrushchev thereupon pulled off his right shoe, stood up and brandished the shoe at the Phillippine delegate on the other side of the hall. He then banged the shoe on his desk," the New York Times would report.

"Later, during the debate on colonialism in which tempers flared among several delegations, Mr. Khrushchev alternately shouted, waved a brawney right arm, shook his finger and removed his shoe a second time. The second shoe incident occurred during a speech by Francis O. Wilcox, an Assistant United States Secretary of State."

Vice President Richard Nixon would be a "trigger-happy president" and "invites war" by committing to defend Quemor and Matsu, two islands off of Taiwan that both it and the mainland claim as their own.

"Should I become the president, I will take whatever steps are necessary to defend our security and to maintain the cause of world freedom -- but I will not risk American lives and a nuclear war by permitting any other nation to drag us into the wrong war at the wrong place at the wrong time through an unwise commitment that is unsound militarily, unnecessary to our security and unsupported by our allies," Kennedy said.

A 28-year-oldl Boston man has been condemned to death by firing squad in Cuba, along with 12 Cubans. All were charged with attempting to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro.

The Republican candidate for vice president pledged today to have a Negro in the Cabinet, if his party wins the White House. Henry Cabot Lodge, campaigning in Harlem, did not consult his running mate, Vice President Richard Nixon, before making his pledge. Nixon, who was in California, said he would "appoint the best man possible without regard to race, creed or color." An aide told a New York Times reporter that Nixon would not appoint someone just because he was a Negro.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration said today it would launch commercial satellites into space at cost to encourage private industry to develop a communications network in orbit.

A bomb blast in Manhattan today -- the third in 11 days -- injured 33 people. The explosion occurred in the Times Square subway station.

In Pittsburgh the NY Yankees tied the world series with a 12-0 win.

October 11, 1960: Soviets Building Rockets Like 'Sausages,' Call for Truman Apology, Nixon Says JFK Policy Invites War, Japanese Leader Killed

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev warned today that factories in his country was turning out rockets, which could be used against the U.S., "like sausages." His angry comments came at the United Nations as the General Assembly rejected a Soviet proposal to take up its disarmament proposal. The vote had brought the world closer to war, he said. Khrushchev is scheduled to end his extended stay in New York on October 13.

The chairman of the Republican National Committee, Sen Thruston Morton, today called on Sen. John F. Kennedy to repudiate former president Harry Truman's recent criticism of Vice President Richard Nixon. "If you vote for Nixon, you ought to go to hell," Truman said. "I call on you, as the Democratic candidate for president, to disown Truman's attack, and to apologize to the American people for the use of this gutter language in your campaign."

Sen. Kennedy's policy regarding the islands off Taiwan that are in dispute with Communist China will take the country "to war and surrender -- or both," Vice President Richard Nixon said today. Sen. Kennedy said the islands were "indefensible." Campaigning in Albuquerque Nixon said he would not surrender "one inch of free territory." Kennedy "apparently has concluded that giving up on Quemoy and Matsu is the price of peace" but this would be "an invitation to another Korea." The senator's policy raised the "shocking" question of whether Kennedy would defend West Berlin. "We must never adopt the doctrone that the only test of where America will stand for freedom is whether we believe an area is easily defensible." Nixon compared Kennedy's statement to Secretary of State Dean Acheson's before the Korean war when he said Korea was outside the US defensive perimeter, inviting attack. Nixon said, "The record is clear that both President Truman and Secretary Acheson were compelled by the clear and present threat ... to go to war [in Korea] to meet the attack they had mistakenly invited."

Campaigning by train through the South, Sen. Lyndon Johnson accused Nixon of conducting smear campaigns and connected him with labor leader James Hoffa.

The leader of the Socialist Party in Japan, Inejiro Asanuma, was stabbed to death at a political rally in Tokyo today. He had led protests last summer that led President Eisenhower to cancel his planned visit to Japan.

Senator Thomas J. Dodd (D-Conn.), the lone member of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, today called on Dr. Kinus Pauling to name the scientists who helped him circulate a petition calling for a ban on nuclear weapons. Pauling refused and Dodd threatened to hold him in contempt.

The U.S. has asked West Germany and the Netherlands not to release any information about a new centrifuge technique that can be used to make atomic weapons more inexpensively. Sen. Albert A. Gore (D-Tenn.) said, "it is possible, if not probably that within the tenure of the next president of the United Sates, the capability of producing nuclear weapons will be within the reach of as many as 20 or more nations," using the new technique.

October 10, 1960: Campaign Literature, Cuban Rebels Defeated and the China Issue

A print advertisement for the Nixon-Lodge presidential campaign reads:

"It's up to you now. The speech-making is almost over, and the decision is yours. Which candidate can best keep the peace without surrender and extend freedom throughout the world? Which man understands what peace demands? Many Americans feel the real motives of the communist conspiracy were never understood nor effectively fought by our government until the Eisenhower-Nixon-Lodge team took charge. Under their leadership, America has kept its senses and kept the peace. So, somewhere between blindness to the dangers of communism and shoot-from-the-hip recklessness -- you deserve leaders with judgment and experience. And, if you believe that America isn't second rate, if you believe that third rate, worn-out ideas never solved any problems -- then speak up for America."

A report in today's newspapers says that Cuba claims it has defeated a rebel force encamped in the Escambray Mountains in central Cuba. Fidel Castro accused the United States of supplying the rebels. A statement issued by the Armed Forces Ministry, headed by Maj. Raul Castro, said that arms had been supplied to the rebels in a parachute drop on Sept. 29 "by a four-motor Yankee plane." Cuban forces captured the rifles, machine guns, bazookas, hand grenades, radios, ammunition, demolition equipment and medical supplies. "Such complete equipment could never be acquired clandestinely by arms smugglers and could only be obtained directly from the North American authorities," the statement said.

A New York Times editorial today on the possibility of admitting China to the UN argues that admission is inevitable but the United States should establish preconditions regarding Taiwan. "For the tenth consecutive year the General Assembly of the United Nations has barred Communist China from membership for at least another year. This action has been hailed as a victory for the United States. But before too much satisfaction is taken in the result, it should be noted that the margin of victory for the American position was smaller than it had ever been before. Moreover, some of our best friends abroad, nations whose devotion to democratic ideals cannot be questiotns, voted against us on this issue. Among them were Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Ireland and Finland....

"The admission of Communist China to the United Nations without some specific guarantee of the independence of Taiwan from Communist domination, would confront us with a most difficult situation. We are pledged to defend Taiwan against Communist absorption and we must do all that we can to make certain that the United Nations does not confer on the Communist regime title to Taiwan, however it may vote on the admission of Peiping to the Assembly."

October 9, 1960: Reviews of the Presidential Debate and a News Roundup

The New York Times today carries reports on the two presidential candidates that include these observations:

"Judging by Friday night's debate, Mr. Nixon has set out to create a much more sober, serious image on television than the hand-waving, jovial grinning figure of the political platform. During the debate, he never allowed a hand to rise in gesture. Only twice in an hour did a smile flicker over his intent, somber face....

"lest [Sen. Kennedy] offend the vast number of voters who still 'like Ike,' he shires away from identifying President Eisenhower personally with these 'failures.' In Friday night's second television debate he found himself compelled to associate Mr. Eisenhower personally with Republican setbacks, but mitigated the criticism by emphasizing that he was more concerned with the future than the past."

After the debate the paper sampled public opinion in 23 cites. From Boston: "A Protestant woman who is an independent said that she would vote for Senator Kennedy because of the attacks on him for his religion. A Republican thought that Mr. Kennedy had the best of the argument but still intended to vote for the vice president. A middle aged spinster said: 'It obviously isn't a debate. They don't have enough time on any issue."

Also on the subject of the debates, an editorial concludes: "These television debates are a new thing in the history of presidential campaigns. They are still experimental, but at this point we believe they are an advance in the technique of democracy."

In other news of this day in 1960:

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev said today that the Soviet Union has no desire for war with the U.S. and hopes to establish better relations.

Khrushchev's appearance on television brought in many hundreds of protests to the New York station that aired the Soviet leader.

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru said today that the United States and the Soviet Union were very similar nations.

A bomb went off outside the New York Public Library in Manhattan today. Today's blast was eight blocks from the one that occurred last week in Times Square.

In the Congo, deposed Premier Patrice Lumumba stormed through the capital city of Leopoldville announcing he was taking over power.

The Pittsburgh Pirates beat the NY Yanks 3-2 to even the World Series, two games apiece.

October 8, 1960: New Republic Cautions on Cuba, National Review Says Nixon has 'Liberal Tendencies'

"Cuban-American relations have now deteriorated to that unfortunate state in which both sides willfully misunderstand and misinterpret the other's actions," Samuel Shapiro writes in The New Republic today. "As there simply is no feasible way to overthrow the present regime [in Cuba], it is to be hoped that the administration will refrain from any further futile action or talk about 'getting tough' with Castro.... [T]he next president will have to use a lot more tact, skill and imagination if he is to extricate us from the real potential dangers we face both in Cuba and throughout the rest of Latin America."

The National Review took Vice President Richard Nixon to task in its issue published on this day in 1960 for his "liberal tendencies." In domestic affairs, "the news from the conservative point of view ... on the few occasions when he turned to concrete issues ... was all bad." Nixon is for more public utility generating plants, more government involvement in agriculture and more federal aid for education. "Though he always tried ... to leave the impression that the Nixon Welfare State would entail a little less state control and a little more freedom than the Democratic version, there was no doubt in anyone's mind that Nixon meant to head a substantially bigger government than the one over which Eisenhower currently presides."

The magazine also criticized Nixon for his performance at the United Nations, writing that his reaction to events there was to "prate about 'experience' and the virtues of freedom over communism," ignoring important issues raised during the session.

In other news:

The Arab Petroleum Congress will meet in Beirut. On the agenda will be limiting production to protect prices and increasing the share of revenue that goes to the oil-producing states.

The French government wants the right to veto the use of atomic weapons by the United States, President de Gaulle said today.

Secretary of State Christian Herter met at the United Nations today with the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Poland, Wladyslaw Gomulka. They discussed a possible increase in U.S. aid.

A jury in New York returned perjury charges against 20 TV quiz show contestants, including Charles Van Doren.

October 7, 1960: Two Statements From the Second Presidential Debate

"The issue" in the presidential election, Sen. John F. Kennedy said today in the second televised debate between the two candidates, "is what we are going to do in the future, and that is an issue for between Mr. Nison and myself. He feels that we are moving ahead, that we are not going into a recession in this country economically. He feels that our power and prestige is stronger than it ever was relative to that of the communists; that we are moving ahead. I disagree, and I believe the American people have to make the choice on Nov. 8 between the view of whether we have to move ahead faster, whether we have to build greater strength at home and abroad; and Mr. Nixon's view. That is the great issue.

Vice President Richard Nixon responded, "...we hear that our prestige is at an all-time low. Senator Kennedy has been hitting that poing over and over again. I would just suggest that after Premier Khrushchev's performance in the United Nations, compared with President Eisenhower's eloquent speech, that at the present time communist prestige in the world is at an all-time low and American prestige is at an all-time high.... I'm not satisfied with what we're doing in the cold war because I believe we have to step up our activities and launch an offensive for the minds and hearts and souls of men. It must be economic, it must be technological."

New York Times reporter James Reston polled the reporters covering the debate and found that 11 reporters thought Nixon had won, 11 called it a tie and five said Kennedy had won.

October 6, 1960: Kennedy says Washington Brought on Castro, Cuba Claims American Invaders, UN China Issue Simmers

Sen. John F. Kennedy criticized Vice President Richard Nixon for allowing Fidel Castro to come to power in Cuba. Washington's policy of supporting Latin American dictators and not providing sufficient aid are to blame, he said. Kennedy's line set the stage for the second debate between the two presidential candidates tomorrow. "The American people want to know how ... the Iron Curtain could have advanced to our very front yard," Kennedy said in Cincinnati. "The story of the transformation of Cuba from a friendly ally to a communist state is in large measure the story of a government in Washington that lacked the imagination and compassion to understand the needs of the Cuban people; which lacked in vigor and leadership necessary to those needs, and which lacked the foresight and the vision to see the inevitable results of its own failures." Meanwhile, Cuba claimed that a band of 27 invaders from the U.S. had landed on its shores. They were believed to be attempting to join an estimated 1,000 anti-Castro rebels in the mountains of Camaguey Provence. The commander of the invading force was killed and two men were captured. At the United Nations a group of Neutralist and communist countries continued to press for Peiping's admission. Also at the UN the neutralist nations urging a meeting between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and President Eisenhower criticized the U.S. for blocking their proposal. "Soviet-bloc members were reported to be openly jubilant that the United States had managed to get into a position of opposing a meeting, while Moscow supporters could sit silently without incurring neutralist criticism," the New York Times would write in tomorrow's edition. Joseph Welch, the Army counsel who came to national prominence in the televised Army-McCarthy hearings six years ago, is dead. He was 69. The NY Yankees won the second game of the World Series today in Pittsburgh, 16-3.


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October 5, 1960: Teenagers Yelp for JFK, Pirates Win Opener, Nixon Proud of Rights Record, Philippines Stands up for US, Congo Attracts 'Strangeness'

A throng heavy with teenagers screamed a welcome for Sen. John F. Kennedy today as he campaigned In Louisville.

The Pittsburgh Pirates won the first game of the World Series today, defeating the NY Yankees by a score of 6 to 4. More than 36,000 people watched the game at Forbes Field, in Pittsburgh.

Vice President Richard Nixon, campaigning in New York City, a Democratic stronghold, said he is proud of his record in civil rights.

At the United Nations today a resolution sponsored by a bloc of five neutralist countries urging President Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to meet was defeated.

Also at the U.N., the Philippines came to the defense of the United States for having provided the Pacific Island nation with political freedom and economic prosperity, unlike states suffing under Red Imperialism. Soviet Premier Khrushchev pounded the table in protest.

From Leopoldville, in the Congo, comes news that the crisis there has drawn "a strange collection of foreigners" to the country, including "profit-seekers" and King-makers," according to the New York Times, which writes that "strangeness" is commonplace.

The crash yesterday of an Eastern Air Lines plane in Boston may have been caused by a flock of starlings on the runway, according to the Federal Aviation Administration.

October 4, 1960: Khrushchev Behavior at UN Analyzed, 'Currier Sphere' Launch Marks Third Year of Space Age

A "realistic approach" to the motives behind Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's behavior at the United Nations concludes that he is attempting to persuade newly independent nations that they should choose the communist path, according to an analysis in today's New York Times.

But it is the Soviet split with China that motivates "his powerful attack on colonialism and his persistent diplomatic wooing of the Asian and African countries," Harrison Salisbury reports. Khrushchev's attempt to oust Dag Hammarskjold, the secretary general, is an effort to shift power in the UN to the communist and neutral states, he writes.

"Many diplomats believe Mr. Khrushchev is certain to succeed eventually in forcing the resignation of Mr. Hammarskjold, even though the Soviet premier has mustered little support for his plan to alter the secretariat."

As to the Soviet leaders "parliamentary conduct," including interrupting speakers, "flail[ing] about with his arms as he speaks" and "the two-fisted pounding of tables," which has "never before been seen nor heard in the refined atmosphere" of the UN, these are, for him, "good parliamentary tactics. He has never been part of a parliament in which more than one party has operated."

But his "main and continuing purpose" is "to advance his ideas on disarmament and to remove, if possible, impediments to future big-power discussions. ... He believes that for such talks to be possible the debris left by the collapse of the summit talks in May must be cleared away."

In other news for this day in 1960:

A new U.S. communications satellite launched today marked the third anniversary of the space age. The "currier sphere" was used by President Eisenhower to send a message to Secretary of State Christian Herter in New York.

British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan proposed to Khrushchev that negotiations on Berlin be resumed in January.

India was reported to be close to concluding a deal with the Soviet Union for military aid to resist Chinese Reds.

People who protested in New York against the Yugoslavian President, Tito, said their relatives in Yugoslavia were facing reprisals.

A Eastern Air Lines flight taking off from Boston crashed in the nearby harbor. The death toll was put at 61.

The price of food will increase 25 percent if Sen. John F. Kennedy is elected president, Vice President Richard Nixon said, criticizing his opponent's farm policies as he campaigned in New Jersey.

Sen. Kennedy, in Indianapolis, said he agrees with President Eisenhower's decision not to meet Khrushchev during the Soviet leaders extended stay in the U.S.

A new survey has found that Negroes are getting more higher-level federal jobs.

Mail order sales, spurred by the new technique of selling by telephone, have shown sharp gains.

October 3, 1960: Hammarskjold Refuses Call to Resign, Jordan: US is 'Only Hope', Nixon Accused of Smear, JFK Called 'Playboy', UN Could Consider China

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev today called on United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold to resign. "To avoid misinterpretation I want to reaffirm that we do not trust Mr. Hammarskjold and cannot trust him. If he himself does not muster up enough courage to resign, as to say, in a chivalrous manner, then we shall draw the necessary conclusions from the continuing situation." Khrushchev wants the secretary general to be replaced with a three-member body representing the three major blocs of UN members. Khrushchev has said that the secretary general is biased in favor of the "imperialist" powers. Hammarskjold refused to step down.

Jordan's King Hussein, 24, said at the UN today that Khrushchev wanted to "destroy the United Nations, to hamper its deliberations, to block its decisions and by rowdy tactics and petulant walkouts, to demean the reputation of the Security Council and the General Assembly." The king said the U.S. was "the only hope of peace and freedom."

The prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, said at the United Nations today that the world body was "weighted in favor of Europe and the Americas." But he declined to press for an immediate change to the UN charter.

Sen. Henry Jackson (D-Wash.), the Democratic National Chairman, accused Vice President Richard Nixon of questioning Sen. John Kennedy's patriotism, "Somehow or other, Mr. Nixon never finds a Democrat patriotic. He always raised some questions. He did it with Stevenson. He did it with Truman and now he's doing it with Kennedy." Jackson said Nixon's "mask of respectability is beginning to slip."

Sen. Lyndon Johnson also criticized Nixon, in part on Vietnam. The Democratic candidate for vice president said Nixon had misjudged "the situation in Indochina in 1954, when he made a hot-headed proposal that American soldiers should be sent there to fight in the jungles."

Nixon, meanwhile, was campaigning "in the Old Confederacy," as the New York Times would report for tomorrow's edition. In Richmond, Virginia, and Charlotte, North Carolina, the vice president tried to "impress those Southern Democrats who look on Senator Kennedy as a dangerous radical -- states' rights, local control of the education system and economy in government," the paper would report.

A Republican "truth squad" member said today that Kennedy was absent for more than one quarter of recorded votes in the Senate. The presidency "is no job for a playboy," Sen. Hugh Scott (R-Penna.) said.

The General Assembly met late tonight to discuss whether the body should consider Communist China's admission to the UN. The issue has come up for nine years running, but has never made it on the agenda; it is expected that once again this year the question will not be opened for full discussion.

The delegate from Burma, U Thant, said the UN "is not a Sunday school for good nations only.... We outlaw a country and then complain that it is not following United Nations resolutions," he said. India also supported putting the China question on the agenda. The British delegate said his country recognizes Peiping but opposed putting inclusion up for discussion because it t"would not contribute to a solution ... [with views still] so strongly held."

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference staged "stand-ins" in 13 cities to protest barriers to voter registration for Negroes.

Chevrolet announced that it will expand its Corvair line of small, rear-engine cars. New for 1961 will be a station wagon and a van, or "sports wagon."

October 2, 1960: Bomb in Times Square, Laos to Block Reds, Khrushchev 'Spectacle', Soviets Squandering Space Lead, Letterwriting and a News Roundup

A bomb exploded in New York city's Times Square on this day in 1960. Six people were hurt. The blast could be heard a half mile away.

In Laos, Premier Souvanna Phouma said he would not let the communists take control of the country. "I assure you that I shall not allow communism to rule our country. And I am sure the Lao people do not need communism either."

In today's New York Times an analysis of the "extraordinary conclave" at the United Nations says that "Implicit in the spectacle were the questions it raised about the direction of the cold war and the contest for the neutrals. ... [Soviet] Premier [Nikita] Khrushchev's conduct continued to perplex most of the delegates as they sought for clues as to whether he was genuinely prepared to negotiate, or was still in the mood that had blistered Paris last May....

"The gist of his comments seemed to be that he wanted a meeting with President Eisenhower. ... Twice during [British Prime Minister] Mr. [Harold] Macmillan's speech on Thursday, [Soviet Premier] Mr. Khrushchev stunned the chamber with shouted interruptions. For one of the interruptions he leapt to his feet and gestured violently with his right arm. He also waved his arms like an orchestra conductor to lead the applause for Dr. Castro; pounded his desk to express disapproval of [UN Secretary] Mr. [Dag] Hammarskjold's speech; and alternately beamed and scowled as he led the Communist claque in response to the words from the rostrum."

The United States has "no chance of winning the man-in-space race" with the Soviet Union, according to an another article, this one marking the second anniversary of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Soviet advantage comes from an earlier start in developing space rockets, according to the analysis. Yet the Soviets are seen to be squandering their lead.

"For reasons that United States officials cannot fathom, the Soviet Union seems to have abandoned a program of systematic scientific exploration of space in favor of sporadic shots keyed more to their psychological impact upon world opinion than discovering the secrets of the universe."

An opinion piece in today's New York times marking National Letter-Writting Week predicts that despite advances in electronics that permit letter writers to send missives over the wires [Cf. This Day in the 1960s, Aug. 31, 1960], people will always prefer handwritten correspondence: "... the absence of mechanical contrivances between the letter writer between the writer and reader of personal letters is one of the indispensable charms of correspondence. That the process recently in the news may, when finally made available to the public, have application in the business world seems pretty much agreed.

"But it is quite another matter to think that the telephone bill will ever replace the 4-cent stamp, at least in the area of person correspondence. By its very definition, personal correspondence is, and always will be, predicated on the handwritten letter, with all of its warmth, intimacy and expressiveness."

In other news:

President Eisenhower has rejected the proposal of the neutral bloc of nations at the UN and will not meet with Soviet Premier Khrushchev. In a related development, the State Department called Khrushchev's statements at the U.N. "strident and bellicose." Khrushchev plans to address the General Assembly again today.

If no agreement is reached with the Soviets by June to ban nuclear testing, the U.S. should end the current moratorium and resume testing, Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D-Minn.) said.

In news from the presidential race, Vice President Richard Nixon said that, if elected, he would propose financial assistance be provided to half of all medical students. A survey shows the vice president with a slim lead in electoral votes for the presidential election. But neither Nixon or his Democratic rival, Sen. John F. Kennedy, has the 269 votes needed for election, according to the 50-state poll.

President Eisenhower, who is 69, is on the verge of setting a record as the oldest man to serve as president. Whoever wins the November election, Eisenhower will be succeeded by a much younger man. Sen. John F. Kennedy is 43 and Vice President Nixon is 47. If Nixon is elected he will be 48 when he is sworn in.

Sen. Kennedy today backed off from his earlier criticism of President Eisenhower. "I don't quarrel with the president of the United States. The question is the future. The question is not President Eisenhower but President Nixon. That is the question the American people have to contend with in the next six weeks. Do they want to move in the direction of Mr. Nixon? Do they want to move in the direction of the Republican party? Or do they want to move with progress."

October 1, 1960: Khrushchev 'Outburst' at UN, Peiping Threatens Taiwan, Missile Warning Line Active, JFK Won't 'Mislead' East Europe

The only way to avert atomic war is to admit Communist China to the United Nations, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev told the General Assembly today. Khrushchev also attached the United States for lynchings and racial discrimination.

Khrushchev's "angry outburst," as it would be described in the New York Times tomorrow, and his "extraordinary virulence ... threw the General Assembly into an uproar, and sent a pall over the gathering of diplomats in New York and the UN, upon which hopes had been placed for an improvement in the cold war climate."

Khrushchev's long speech, during which he was called to order, was seen as scuttling any hope for a meeting between President Eisenhower and the Soviet leader. This was a setback for the neutralist bloc, which had been making progress in its efforts to bring the two leaders together.

Peiping today promised today to take over Taiwan. The pledge came during a celebration of Communist China's 11th anniversary. No Soviet representative was in attendance. Foreign Minister Chen Yi said his country would not accept "two Chinas." He accused the US of invading his country's air space and territorial waters.

The first of three radar stations in Greenland designed to warn of Soviet missile attack began round-the-clock operations today. The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) supplements the existing Distant Early Warning (DEW) system in Canada and the arctic for detecting Soviet aircraft.

"From now on, day and night, a major portion of the Communist world will be covered by fan-shaped curtains beamed from a desolate Thule hillside," the New York Times will report in tomorrow's edition. "Turning on the Thule beams full time greatly lessens chances that a long-range missile attack could take this continent by surprise."

United States residents in the target area will have at least 15 minutes to receive the warning and take shelter. The military will have the same amount of time to launch its missiles and get its bombers in the air.

Senator John F. Kennedy said today that he would use peaceful means to help bring democracy to Eastern Europe. Speaking in Chicago Kennedy criticized President Eisenhower for raising false hope that the US would liberate the Soviet satellite nations.

"We do not want to mislead the people of Poland or Hungary again that the United States is prepared to liberate them, he said. "We have no right, unless we are prepared to meet our commitments, to incite them to national suicide," he said

In the mid-west Vice President Richard Nixon, the Republican nominee for president, told an overflow crowd that Kennedy "owes it to his party and to his country to cease the irresponsible attacks on the president."

September 30, 1960: Don't Go to Cuba US Says, Neutral Nations Want US-Soviet Talks, West Germany May End Trade with West

The U.S. State Department issued a travel advisory for Cuba, saying U.S. citizens should not travel there. It cited the detention, harassment or beating by police of 43 Americans. The department also cited Fidel Castro's support at the UN for Communist countries.

There is mounting pressure among neutral countries for President Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to meet. Indonesia and India introduced the a resolution at the UN calling for the meeting. Ghana, the United Arab Republic and Yugoslavia were also sponsors. The resolution urged the meeting "so that their declared willingness to find solutions of the outstanding problems by negotiation may be progressively implemented."

The U.S. administration is finding it awkward to resist the pressure, yet it foresees no positive outcome to a summit. Still, President Eisenhower and British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan will meet tomorrow to discuss the possibility resuming disarmament talks with the East.

Unless Communist East Germany withdraws the travel restrictions it recently imposed on West Germans, the West German government will stop trading with East Germany at the end of the year.

General Lyman Lemnitzer became chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff today. He succeeded Gen. Nathan Twining.

The Pentagon is stepping up development of the Polaris missile system, the Samos reconnaissance satellite and probably the B-70 supersonic bomber, using funds President Eisenhower had said he didn't need.

Nigeria is to win its independence from Great Britain tomorrow.

September 29, 1960: Khrushchev Interrupts British UN Address, Kennedy Derides Nixon Experience, Eisenhower Campaigns for Nixon, Mao's Hard Line

British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan appealed to the Soviet Union to restore the atmosphere of cooperation that had preceded the May summit meeting in Paris that was scuttled after a U.S. U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev interrupted Macmillan's United Nations address with shouted protests. An editorial in tomorrow's New York Times will say of the Soviet leader that "he raised the clenched Communist fist, led his Communist followers in pounding the Assembly tables, and hurled interruptions at the British Prime Minister, including the warning not to commit 'aggression.'"

The confrontation contrasts sharply with reports that Macmillan and Khrushchev held a "calm" exchange for more than two hours to discuss arms and Berlin, agreeing to meet again next week.

Senator John F. Kennedy struck at the heart of his opponent's self-described credentials for the presidency today. Kennedy said that Vice President Richard Nixon's much-touted experience abroad was less than it appeared. Kennedy also criticized President Eisenhower's handling for foreign policy.

But Nixon won support for his policy experience from Eisenhower toady. The president, speaking in Chicago, said Nixon and Lodge would assure "sound government" at home and continue his policies abroad. Nixon, meanwhile, was campaigning in the heart of Kennedy territory. The vice president used his Boston appearance to launch a sharp attack on Kennedy.

Mao Tse-tung, chairman of the Chinese Communist party, has a new book coming out. The volume lays down a hard ideological line. The timing of the book's release was seen as an attack on Khrushchev.

U.S. women and children should leave Cuba, the U.S. advised today. The advisory said U.S. citizens in Cuba should send their dependents home.

September 28, 1960: Soviets and Disarmament, Mrs. Nixon Calls Husband 'Gay Young Blade', Paris Puts Ban on Writers

The lead editorial in today's New York Times takes up the much discussed issue of disarmament and asks why none of the proposals offered recently have come to fruition. Just yesterday, Soviet Premier Khrushchev said he would accept any proposals for policing an accord.

The Times argues that Khrushchev's latest statement of sincerity in anything but, judging by the position his nation has taken at the International Atomic Energy Agency meeting in Vienna.

"There the Soviets, under the leadership of resuscitated Molotov [See This Day's entry for Sept. 5, 1960], are waging a bitter battle against carrying out the specific and detailed provisions for safeguards and inspections incorporated into the agency's basic statute, to which the Soviets have subscribed." The Soviets "denounce all such controls as violations of national sovereignty and interference in a nation's internal affairs. What is more, the rulers of the biggest slave empire in history stigmatize the projected control plan, worked out by the Assembly's legal committee, as merely another American 'colonial' scheme to enslave the smaller and less developed nations."

Mrs. Richard M. Nixon had this to say about her husband to a group of some 750 women: "He has never changed his love of home and family. When he comes in the door, he drops politics. Cats and dogs come in the door, the children greet him, the music goes on. He's the same gay young blade I knew when we were courting. ... I do not think there is a 'new Nixon' and an 'old Nixon,' He's the same old Dick I've always known. Certainly people mature through the years, and I hope Dick and I have matured."

Senator John F. Kennedy campaigned to cheering crowds in Buffalo and other Western New York towns.

Campaigning on Long Island, in New York, Vice President Richard Nixon pledged to improve housing in the nation's cities.

The French government today forbade more than 140 of the country's writers and other intellectuals from appearing on state-run radio or television broadcasts, or in state theatres. They were banned for their views on Algeria.

In Lagos, Nigeria, police arrested some 3,500 people in attempt to quell intertribal fighting.

British Prime Minister Macmillan announced he will meet tomorrow with Khrushchev in New York to discuss disarmament. Khrushchev, meanwhile, was meeting with President Tito of Yugoslavia, saying afterwards that the two had agreed on a wide range of issues.

September 27, 1960: Nixon in Border States, JFK Seen Debate Victor, Pneumatic Computer, Pan Am Lease, Soviets to Attend '64 NY Fair, UN: No Red China

On the day after his debate with Sen. John F. Kennedy, Vice President Richard Nixon received enthusiastic welcomes from whites and Negroes in the border states. In Charleston, W.V., Nixon paid tribute to Blues legend W.C. Handy. Thousands lined the streets to cheer the candidate in this traditionally Democratic state. Nixon spoke and gestured "with his usual vigor," according to a report for tomorrow's New York Times. He demanded that Kennedy retract his claim that 17,000,000 Americans go to bed hungry each evening. The statement was false and "grist for the Communist propaganda mill," he said to great applause. Nixon also received the cheers of 70,000 supporters in Memphis.

"He [Kennedy] should also state the truth -- that while there are people in this country who do not share in our unprecedented prosperity as we would like it and while we must move forward at all possible speed to see that this situation is corrected, that all in all the 180,000,000 people of this country are the best-fed, best-clothed, best-housed people; that we have come closest to the ideal which Mr. Khrushchev claims as his own but has never been able to even approach -- prosperity for all in a classless society; that a lower percentage of people suffer from malnutrition in the United States than in any major country in the world."

Meanwhile, Kennedy had his own cheering crowds as he campaigned in Ohio. Campaigning in Canton and the state's other industrial centers, the candidate was greeted by thousands of shrieking supporters. Kennedy was thought by many to have won yesterday's nationally televised debate, in part because Nixon, recently hospitalized, did not look well. The audience for the debate was estimated at 73,500,000. Also today Kennedy received support from 10 southern governors. Kennedy also received a blessing of sorts today from a prominent Jesuit theologian who said the Catholic Church would not influence Kennedy's polices were he to become president.

In other news today:

Pontiac introduced its 1961 models. They are up to four inches shorter and 2 1/2 inches narrower than the maker's 1960 autos, and lower too.

Tubes carrying air or liquid have been made that can do the work of the electronics in machines such as computers. Pneumatic computers are not seen as replacing faster electronic machines, but may find application where reliability and ruggedness are required.

Pan American Airways will lease 15 floors in a skyscraper being constructed over Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan. It is the largest single lease of office space in the city.

The Soviet Union announced that it will build an exhibit at the 1964 Worlds Fair in New York.

United Arab Republic President Gamal Abdel Nasser said at the United Nations today that the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union should meet immediately to discuss disarmament.

For the 10th year running a United Nations body decided to put off discussion of seating Communist China.

September 27, 1960: Nixon in Border States, JFK Seen Debate Victor, Pneumatic Computer, Pan Am Lease, Soviets to Attend '64 NY Fair, UN: No Red China

On the day after his debate with Sen. John F. Kennedy, Vice President Richard Nixon received enthusiastic welcomes from whites and Negroes in the border states. In Charleston, W.V., Nixon paid tribute to Blues legend W.C. Handy. Thousands lined the streets to cheer the candidate in this traditionally Democratic state. Nixon spoke and gestured "with his usual vigor," according to a report for tomorrow's New York Times. He demanded that Kennedy retract his claim that 17,000,000 Americans go to bed hungry each evening. The statement was false and "grist for the Communist propaganda mill," he said to great applause. Nixon also received the cheers of 70,000 supporters in Memphis.

"He [Kennedy] should also state the truth -- that while there are people in this country who do not share in our unprecedented prosperity as we would like it and while we must move forward at all possible speed to see that this situation is corrected, that all in all the 180,000,000 people of this country are the best-fed, best-clothed, best-housed people; that we have come closest to the ideal which Mr. Khrushchev claims as his own but has never been able to even approach -- prosperity for all in a classless society; that a lower percentage of people suffer from malnutrition in the United States than in any major country in the world."

Meanwhile, Kennedy had his own cheering crowds as he campaigned in Ohio. Campaigning in Canton and the state's other industrial centers, the candidate was greeted by thousands of shrieking supporters. Kennedy was thought by many to have won yesterday's nationally televised debate, in part because Nixon, recently hospitalized, did not look well. The audience for the debate was estimated at 73,500,000. Also today Kennedy received support from 10 southern governors. Kennedy also received a blessing of sorts today from a prominent Jesuit theologian who said the Catholic Church would not influence Kennedy's polices were he to become president.

In other news today:

Pontiac introduced its 1961 models. They are up to four inches shorter and 2 1/2 inches narrower than the maker's 1960 autos, and lower too.

Tubes carrying air or liquid have been made that can do the work of the electronics in machines such as computers. Pneumatic computers are not seen as replacing faster electronic machines, but may find application where reliability and ruggedness are required.

Pan American Airways will lease 15 floors in a skyscraper being constructed over Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan. It is the largest single lease of office space in the city.

The Soviet Union announced that it will build an exhibit at the 1964 Worlds Fair in New York.

United Arab Republic President Gamal Abdel Nasser said at the United Nations today that the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union should meet immediately to discuss disarmament.

For the 10th year running a United Nations body decided to put off discussion of seating Communist China.

September 26, 1960: Nixon-Kennedy Debate Seen Nationwide, Castro Hits US 'Aggression', Soviet Space Adventure Anticipated, Emily Post Dies

Vice President Richard Nixon and Sen. John F. Kennedy engaged in a debate in Chicago that was broadcast across the nation on this day in 1960. It was the first time in history that a debate between presidential candidates was televised nationally. The exchange was reported as "calm," with few "sharp retorts." Farming, social issues and spending were discussed. An estimated 60 million people watched. The innovation was expected to spur interest in the election. Neither candidate claimed to have bested the other.

Fidel Castro condemned US "aggression" in a 4 1/2 hour address at the United Nations on this day in 1960. "In the Caribbean Islands a territory which belongs to Honduras and which is known as the Swan Islands, the Government of the United States has taken over this island. ... And maneuvers and training are being carried out in that island to promote subversion in Cuba and promote the landing of armed forces in our island," Castro said. "There is the concern and the fear of a country that has followed an aggressive and warlike policy possessing a base in the very heart of our island that turns our island into the possible victim of any international conflict, that forces us to run the risk of any atomic conflict without our having given the slightest intervention in the problem because we have absolutely nothing to do with the problems of the United States Government nor the crises that the the Government of the United States produces and provokes."

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev promoted his disarmament plan today saying he would agree to "any measure of control anyone proposes" if there was agreement to disarm.

Anticipation mounted that the Soviet Union might soon launch "a spectacular space journey," as a headline in tomorrow's edition of the New York Times would say. This comes after the US failed for the fifth time yesterday to put a probe into orbit around the moon. A problem with the second stage of the Atlas-Able rocket caused the flight to be aborted. The failure was seen as an embarrassment, coming while Khrushchev was in the county, and as possibly harming Vice President Nixon's chances for election in November. Another launch attempt is expected in a month.

India today said it will not join the bloc of neutral nations forming at the UN.

Etiquette writer Emily Post is dead at 86.

General Motors unveiled its standard-sized Buick models for 1961. The cars do not have fins and are four inches shorter. They are also two inches narrower. A new model, the Special, was described as a luxury compact.

September 25, 1960: The US-Cuba Split, 'Fateful' Week at UN, Cuban Hotel Switch Staged, the 'Old Nixon', Computer Sales Rise

This day in 1960 was a Sunday, and the New York Times ran numerous stories analyzing issues stemming from the week's events at the United Nations.

Under the headline, "U.S. and Castro; Washington Sees Little Hope for An Improvement in Relations," R.W. Kenworthy cites President Eisenhower's refusal to "break bread with Fidel Castro" as symbolic of the U.S. attitude toward the Island nation. The snub stems not from the many accusations and insults Cuban officials "heaped" upon the United States -- "They [the U.S.] would like to crush our people under foot and massacre them," Ernesto Che Guevara is quoted as saying -- but from the conviction in Washington "that Cuban foreign policy, if not actually subject to orders of the Soviet foreign ministry, is certainly being coordinated with Soviet 'cold war' directives."

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's literal and public embrace of Castro this past week just helped drive home the point, Kenworthy writes of the Soviet-Cuban "love fest," which included "Khrushchev's echoing of Dr. Castro's charges that Cuba was the object of 'attacks, intrigues, subversion, economic aggression, and poorly concealed threats of intervention' by the United States."

In The News of the Week in Review, an unsigned piece calls the UN session "a fateful new encounter in the cold war." Dashing hopes raised by President Eisenhower's concilliatory speech, Khrushchev "engaged in a massive propaganda offensive against the West in the struggle for world opinion...." The Soviet leader's address is described as having "raked over all the issues of the cold war, heaped abuse on President Eisenhower and the United States, virtually called for a revolt against the Western powers in the remaining colonial areas, and delivered a sweeping attack on the UN and its Secretary General."

The article reports that when Castro "and his bearded aides" moved with much fanfare from the Shelburne Hotel early in the week, where they said they'd been overcharged, and took rooms at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, they were carrying out a pre-arranged plan. "It turned out that the Cubans' move to the Theresa had been arranged before the furor at the Shelburne began, and also that they were paying more at the Theresa than at the Shelburne. But at the Theresa they could demonstrate Cuban support for the colored peoples."

With the fall presidential campaign in full swing this past week, Russell Baker writes that Vice President Richard Nixon had put John F. Kennedy on the defensive by playing up his greater foreign policy experience, suggesting that the senator's "terribly naive" attitude about the Soviet Union would lead the U.S. "down the road to surrender." But Baker notes that in so doing Nixon raised the specter the vice president has tried to avoid of "'the old Nixon' [who] is the cut-and-thrust campaigner of 1950-54, the man who conducted the 'pink slip' campaign against Mrs. Helen Gahagan Douglas, the Republican who is supposed to have called former President Truman a 'traitor.'"

In business news, this brief item: The Radio Corporation of America's electronic data processing systems business increased its sales 200 percent from the previous year.

September 24, 1960: The 'Big Lie', Nuclear Carrier is Biggest Ship Ever, Texas GOP Figure Backs Nixon, Candidates Run Even, 'Gain for Reds in Berlin'

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's use of the "the Big Lie technique" in his UN address "had a breathtaking impudence which made it a special insult to the intelligence of all mankind," according to the lead editorial in the New York Times on this day in 1960. "The head of the greatest colonial empire of the present day told the people of the world he has no colonies, and spoke sanctimoniously as the enemy of colonialism. The man who ordered the Hungarian Revolution throttled in blood dared weep crocodile tears over the fate of the many states now members of the United Nations who have been given their freedom with no struggle of any kind in recent years. It was a a shameless performance."

In Newport News, Virginia, the US Navy launched the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. The Enterprise is the largest ship ever built.

Vice President Richard Nixon won the support of another Democrat today in his bid for the presidency, former Texas Governor Allan Shivers. "A great number of Texas Democrats have told me they cannot support the Democratic national platform or ticket of 1960," Shivers said.

With final preparations underway for the first televised debate between the candidates, neither has a clear lead in the race, according to a new poll.

A New York Times news analysis with a September 24 dateline runs under the headline, "Gain for Reds in Berlin." The reporter, Sydney Gruson, writes that the Soviet Union has given the East German government free reign "so long as they do not force a showdown that could directly involve Soviet power and prestige with the West." The article describes how the Soviets and East Germany have gradually tightened their control over the city and concludes, "The Allies can hardly threaten to go to war each time the Communists chip a little bit off the Western conception of Berlin's status, especially when the Communists are certain to let the brunt of their measures fall on the West Germans."

September 23, 1960: Khrushchev Attacks UN, Non-Alligned Form Bloc, JFK Strikes Back, FDR's Secretary of State Backs Nixon

In a two and one-half-hour speech at the United Nations Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev attached the institution and its secretary general, called for immediately dissolving all colonial governments and accused the West of standing in the way of disarmament. He said the UN should be reorganized based on alliances. He also said the UN should move out of New York.

Secretary of State Christian Herter described Khrushchev's speech as "an all-out attack, a real declaration of war against the ... United Nations."

Non-alligned nations made progress today in organizing themselves into a neutralist bloc at the UN with Yougoslavia's Marshall Tito suggesting that India's Jawaharlal Nehru take the lead.

President Eisenhower's spee